Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compound Emissions from Nonroad Construction Machinery under Different Operation Modes

Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) have been found as important sources for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. IVOC emissions from nonroad construction machineries (NRCMs), including two road rollers and three motor graders, were characterized under three operation modes using an improved portable emission measurement system. The fuel-based IVOC emission factors (EFs) of NRCMs varied from 245.85 to 1802.19 mg/kg-fuel, which were comparable at magnitudes to the reported results of an ocean-going ship and on-road diesel vehicles without filters. The discrepancy of IVOC EFs is significant within different operation modes. IVOC EFs under the idling mode were 1.24-3.28 times higher than those under moving/working modes. Unspeciated b-alkanes and cyclic compounds, which were the unresolved components in IVOCs at the molecular level, accounted for approximately 91% of total IVOCs from NRCMs. The SOA production potential analysis shows that IVOCs dominated SOA formation of NRCMs. Our results demonstrate that IVOC emissions from NRCMs are non-negligible. Thus, an accurate estimation of their IVOC emissions would benefit the understanding of SOA formation in the urban atmosphere.