Article
Thermodynamics
Xingang Qi, Yunan Chen, Jiuyun Zhao, Di Su, Fan Liu, Libo Lu, Hui Jin, Liejin Guo
Summary: Conventional black liquor treatment has weaknesses in pollution. Supercritical water gasification technology makes it possible to utilize the energy of black liquor cleanly. This work proposed an auto-thermal SCWG black liquor polygeneration system integrated with online salt recovery, improving the system efficiency and hydrogen production.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ali Karimi, Negar Kazemi, Omid Tavakoli, Azadeh Ebrahimian Pirbazari
Summary: This study investigated the supercritical water gasification of black liquor for hydrogen production, finding that the hydrogen yield could be enhanced by optimizing temperature and reaction time. The addition of heterogeneous catalysts and other biomass like wood residue and formic acid further improved the hydrogen production.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Libo Lu, Wenwen Wei, Fan Liu, Zhiwei Ge, Hui Jin, Yunan Chen, Liejin Guo
Summary: Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a promising technology for the treatment of black liquor and energy recycling. However, the transformation of sulfur during the SCWG process is not well understood. In this study, the effects of different parameters on gasification and sulfur transformation were investigated. The results showed that reaction temperature played a crucial role, and H-2 was the most important gaseous product. After SCWG treatment, sulfur mainly existed in the form of sulfide. The findings of this study provide a basis for the resource utilization of black liquor and a promising method for sodium sulfide production.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hary Demey, Gilles Ratel, Bruno Lacaze, Olivier Delattre, Geert Haarlemmer, Anne Roubaud
Summary: In this study, the wastewater from hydrothermal liquefaction of black liquor was treated and utilized for hydrogen production through supercritical water gasification (SCWG). The effects of main process parameters on conversion yield were investigated. Experimental tests were conducted at different temperatures (below and above the critical point of water): 350°C, 450°C, and 600°C. The results showed that increasing temperature from 350°C to 600°C significantly improved the total gas yield. The use of a catalyst further enhanced carbon conversion and gas production, leading to even higher gas yields at mild operating temperatures.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Thiago Barros, Jhonattas D. C. Carregosa, Alberto Wisniewski Jr, Antonio C. D. Freitas, Reginaldo Guirardello, Leandro Ferreira-Pinto, Lucas Bonfim-Rocha, Veeriah Jegatheesan, Lucio Cardozo-Filho
Summary: This study explores an alternative method for black liquor treatment through gasification, identifying liquid products mainly belonging to classes O3 and O4 under reaction at 500 degrees Celsius, and gaseous products including hydrogen and methane with high overall selectivity. The economic analysis shows that black liquor gasification has relatively low costs and is an interesting route for obtaining combustible gases and value-added bioproducts.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Merve Ozturk, Ibrahim Dincer
Summary: This paper conducts a comprehensive case study on utilizing municipal solid waste for potential hydrogen production. The energy and exergy efficiencies for hydrogen production are found to be 57% and 55% respectively, with good agreement achieved with previous studies. The waste can be converted to hydrogen through a series of processes, including gasifier, cyclone, catalytic reactor, and pressure swing adsorption.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mohamed M. Ismail, Ibrahim Dincer
Summary: A multigenerational waste to energy system has been developed to generate hydrogen, electricity, heating, domestic hot water, and fresh water. The system utilizes plastic waste gasification to produce syngas, which is then processed through multiple sub-systems. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted to evaluate the overall system and determine its energy and exergy efficiencies. The system also incorporates geothermal energy to generate steam for plastic waste gasification. The current system has a power capacity of 73,550 kW and produces hydrogen at a rate of 1.05 kg/s, while a reverse osmosis water desalination sub-system produces fresh water at a rate of 12 kg/s. The achieved energy efficiency and exergy efficiency for the reference case are 66.24% and 48.10%, respectively.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ender Faki, Sefika Turker Uzden, Acelya Secer, Arif Hasanoglu
Summary: The co-gasification of low rank lignite and sorghum energy crop was investigated under low temperature conditions with supercritical water. The study evaluated the effects of water volume, blending ratios, catalysts, and feedstock concentrations on gasification efficiency, product distribution, and hydrogen yield. Synergistic effects were observed with a coal content of 25 wt% in the coal/biomass mixture, and increasing water volume, decreasing feedstock concentration, and using alkali metal catalysts significantly improved gasification efficiency and hydrogen yield.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Sheng Zhao, Jian Li, Chao Chen, Beibei Yan, Junyu Tao, Guanyi Chen
Summary: This study established four machine learning models to predict hydrogen production via SCWG of biomass, interpreted the inner workings of the optimal model and evaluated the performance of SCWG. The results suggested that the random forest (RF) model outperformed other models for predicting H2 yield (R2 = 0.9782).
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Meire Ellen Gorete Ribeiro Domingos, Daniel Florez-Orreo, Moises Teles dos Santos, Silvio de Oliveira Jr, Francois Marechal
Summary: The integration of black liquor gasification in chemical plants has the potential to reduce process irreversibility and promote decarbonization in the industrial sector. Integrated chemical plants can produce pulp and gaseous fuels, such as hydrogen or synthetic natural gas, to expand their product portfolio and increase revenues. However, before implementing the integrated setups, thorough evaluation of their benefits in terms of thermodynamic, economic, and environmental indicators is necessary. The study found that the integrated chemical production plants have higher exergy efficiency and lower overall CO2 emissions compared to conventional setups. The financial analysis also showed that the hydrogen production route with partial import of electricity and carbon taxations above 60 EUR/tCO2 outperforms other scenarios.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Adnan Midilli, Haydar Kucuk, Muhammed Emin Topal, Ugur Akbulut, Ibrahim Dincer
Summary: This paper comparatively discusses various options for hydrogen production through coal gasification and highlights plasma gasification as a potential sustainable method. The case study analyzes the environmental sustainability of plasma gasifiers, showing higher hydrogen production, less solid waste release, and overall greater sustainability.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Ehsanolah Assareh, Neha Agarwal, Manosh C. Paul, Pouria Ahmadi, Maryam Ghodrat, Moonyong Lee
Summary: In this study, a novel power generation system based on solar and biomass energy resources is proposed and analyzed using energy and exergy methods. The system consists of biomass, solar, waste heat recovery, and hydrogen liquefaction units, using gas turbines and Rankine cycles for power generation. Liquid hydrogen and hot water are produced, and a gasifier and heliostat field are utilized for biomass conversion and solar energy harnessing. The system has a power output of 7967 kW, with an exergy efficiency of 11.06%. The production rates of liquid hydrogen and hot water are 10.74 kg/h and 7 kg/s, respectively. Compared to biomass-only scenario, the addition of solar energy with waste heat recovery reduces CO2 emissions by 30.5% and increases the electrical power output by 44%. The solar power system has the highest component cost rate, accounting for 51% of the capital investment cost.
THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Osei Asafu-Adjaye, Brian Via, Bhima Sastri, Sujit Banerjee
Summary: Using supercritical CO2 to treat black liquor can generate a porous liquid/solid structure and achieve dewatering for improving energy efficiency. The deposited lignin from black liquor can be used as biofuel or chemical feedstock.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dongmin Yu, Junjie Hu, Weidong Wang, Bing Gu
Summary: This study focuses on hydrogen generation through steam-based sawdust gasification. The research examines the parameters that influence hydrogen generation efficiency and integrates solid oxide fuel cell and solid oxide electrolysis cell in the new plant to study the amount of generated hydrogen. Through thorough investigation, the study finds that the integrated nanomaterial-based SOFC/SOEC subsystem exhibits the maximum destroyed exergy, leading to improved hydrogen efficiency and reduced unit cost of hydrogen.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jiamin Liang, Yang Liu, Jingwei Chen, Jiaqiang E, Erwei Leng, Feng Zhang, Gaoliang Liao
Summary: By utilizing supercritical water gasification and supercritical water oxidation technology, the black liquor can be converted into hydrogen-rich gas or heat energy, reducing its impact on the environment. A pulp mill integrated with black liquor SCWG and SCWO subsystems was designed and analyzed thermodynamically and economically. The results showed that the optimal reaction temperature for the system is 800 degrees Celsius under specified conditions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hanafi Prida Putra, Feri Karuana, Ade Sana Ruhiyat, Bintoro Adi Nugroho, Arif Darmawan, Hariana
Summary: Understanding phenomena in the boiler during combustion is crucial for minimizing slagging fouling caused by ash deposit. By introducing fuel additives, the ash fusion temperature can be increased to prevent deposition problems and reduce ash-related issues like slagging fouling.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL PREPARATION AND UTILIZATION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Hariana, Prabowo, Edi Hilmawan, Fairuz Milky Kuswa, Arif Darmawan, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: This paper comprehensively investigates the combustion performances and slagging and fouling behaviors during cofiring biomass and coal. The results show that cofiring coal with 25% biomass has the best combustion performance.
AIN SHAMS ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hariana, Hanafi Prida Putra, Prabowo, Edi Hilmawan, Arif Darmawan, Keiichi Mochida, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: This study investigated the potential slagging and fouling when co-firing coal with different biomasses and found that co-firing coal with palm oil empty fruit bunch-frond, wood chip, or rice husk at a 25% blend offered similar combustion characteristics, gas emissions, ash deposits, and mineralogy. Co-firing with less than 25% solid recovered fuel requires further investigation to mitigate the slagging and fouling tendency. These findings are important for identifying suitable biomass fuels for co-firing with coal in power plants.
Article
Energy & Fuels
M. Zuhaib Akram, Fanhua Ma, Muhammad Aziz, Yangbo Deng, Han Wu
Summary: The use of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel alongside hydrocarbon fuels can effectively reduce the environmental impact and dependence on nonrenewable energy resources caused by internal combustion engines. A numerical approach was conducted to investigate the influence of hydrogen on combustion kinetics, soot formation, and NOx emission of hydrocarbon fuel under different flame conditions. The results demonstrated that hydrogen hindered the formation of soot, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by reducing small chain hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the presence of hydrogen decreased NO3 emissions by reducing the molar fraction of small chain hydrocarbons and C-H-O related species. C3H3 was found to play a dominant role in reducing CO2 and NO3 emissions, while C2H2 and C5H4CH2 controlled the formation of soot precursors in hydrocarbon fuel flames. Additionally, C2H2 limited the emission of NH3 in diffusion flame conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Zhuang Sun, Po-Chih Kuo, Lu Ding, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: This study found that low concentration copper-doped hematite can significantly enhance the decomposition efficiency of biomass tar. A copper concentration of 1% was recommended for practical application.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Kim Leong Liaw, Jundika C. Kurnia, Zulfan A. Putra, Muhammad Aziz, Agus P. Sasmito
Summary: This study evaluates the heat transfer performance in a helical twisted Multilobe tube and proposes an enhancement method by combining twisting and Multilobe strategies. The results from experiments and numerical simulations reveal that this combination improves convective heat transfer performance. Furthermore, the variation of Multilobe geometries has a negligible effect on the heat transfer performance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Muhammad Yazid, F. Fahmi, Erwin Sutanto, Rachmad Setiawan, Muhammad Aripriharta, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: This article proposes a new authentication method, based on parallel hash chains, for low-power and low-cost IoT devices. The method generates encryption keys continuously on both the device and server, eliminating the need to transmit secret keys. It only requires two transmission handshakes for authentication and data transmission, reduces hardware requirements, and provides mutual authentication. It also offers device anonymity, message authentication, database integrity verification, resistance to transmission loss, and adaptability to network disturbances.
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Arif Darmawan, Taufiq Asyhari, Iswan Dunggio, Muhammad Salmahaminati, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: This paper discusses the potential and opportunities for biomass utilization in the Wallacea region, aligned with Indonesian policy targets for achieving net zero emissions by 2060. The study focuses on a specific area and relies on international databases and the nation's potential for biomass research. Various scenarios, routes, and technology options for biomass utilization are discussed, along with relevant studies and challenges and opportunities related to accessibility, socio-economics, life cycle assessment, and environmental issues.
BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hafizh Ghazidin, Ade Sana Ruhiyat, Raden Ibrahim Purawiardi, Nesha Adelia, Moch Zulfikar Eka Prayoga, Suyatno Suyatno, Hanafi Prida Putra, Adiarso Adiarso, Romadhoni Sigit, Arif Darmawan, Zainal Arifin, Hariana Hariana
Summary: In this study, the effect of sequential feeding method on ash-related problem was investigated using drop tube furnace combustion test and ash particle observation method. The results showed that sequential feeding method cannot reduce the slagging and fouling risk of KT coal.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Feri Karuana, Adi Prismantoko, Nandang Suhendra, Arif Darmawan, Hariana Hariana, Djarot B. Darmadi, Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
Summary: A high chromium concentration improves the corrosion resistance of boiler materials, but alkali and chlorine can reduce its effectiveness and lead to increased corrosion.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Muhammad Usman, Shuo Cheng, Sasipa Boonyubol, Muhammad Aziz, Jeffrey S. Cross
Summary: Biodiesel, as a promising eco-friendly alternative to diesel, faces the obstacle of high feedstock costs. This study evaluated the production costs of biodiesel from dewatered and wet sewage sludge in Japan, and proposed a sewage sludge biorefinery strategy integrated within Japanese wastewater treatment plants. The results showed that biodiesel production from sewage sludge is nine times cheaper than Japan's current biodiesel production cost.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Iksan Riva Nanda, Nugroho Agung Pambudi, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: This review provides a comprehensive overview of solar water heater (SWH) technology. It discusses the developments, advantages, disadvantages, and potential solutions of SWH. The study also highlights various collectors and related studies, and identifies the challenges and prospects for further development.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Risti Ragadhita, Siti Nur Hofifah, Dwi Fitria Al Husaeni, Dwi Novia Al Husaeni, Meli Fiandini, Senny Luckiardi, Eddy Soeryanto Soegoto, Arif Darmawan, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: Water hyacinth is a potential plant that can be used to address food, energy, and environmental issues. It grows quickly and easily in tropical and subtropical environments, but its invasive growth threatens ecosystems. However, it can be utilized to produce valuable products such as brake pads, fertilizer, bioenergy, animal feed, phytoremediation agents, bioplastics, and adsorbents. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the utilization of water hyacinth through experiments and literature review.
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Wervyan Shalannanda, Fajri Anugerah P. Kornel, Naufal Rafi Hibatullah, Fahmi Fahmi, Erwin Sutanto, Muhammad Yazid, Muhammad Aziz, Muhammad Imran Hamid
Summary: This research focuses on many-to-many access control systems for IoT devices, addressing the security concerns of such devices. Through simulation, the study successfully implements an isolated authentication scheme for EV charging stations using smart cards and tests the functionality of each component.
JOURNAL OF ICT RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Du Wen, Muhammad Aziz
Summary: This study proposes a staged hydrogen economy scenario for Japan based on existing energy sources. By gradually replacing thermal power generation with renewable energy and hydrogen or ammonia, it is feasible to achieve a 20% reduction in thermal power. Hydrogen and ammonia are effective in reducing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and addressing the mismatch between supply and demand.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shitong Fang, Houfan Du, Tao Yan, Keyu Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoqing Ma, Zhihui Lai, Shengxi Zhou
Summary: This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear VIV energy harvester (ANVEH) that compensates for the decrease in peak energy output at low wind speeds by introducing an auxiliary structure. Theoretical and experimental results show that ANVEH performs better than traditional nonlinear VIV energy harvesters under various system parameter variations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Jiang, Shuo Zhang, Teng Wang, Yufei Zhang, Aimin Sha, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan
Summary: A standardized method was developed to evaluate the availability of solar energy resources in road areas, which combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). By analyzing critical factors and using a multi-indicator evaluation method, the method accurately evaluated the utilization of solar energy resources and guided the optimal location selection for road photovoltaic (PV) projects. The results provided guidance for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide, promoting the integration of transportation and energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chang Liu, Jacob A. Wrubel, Elliot Padgett, Guido Bender
Summary: The study investigates the effects of coating defects on the performance of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) in water electrolyzers. The results show that an increasing fraction of uncoated regions on the PTL leads to decreased cell performance, with continuous uncoated regions having a more severe impact compared to multiple thin uncoated strips.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marcos Tostado-Veliz, Xiaolong Jin, Rohit Bhakar, Francisco Jurado
Summary: In this paper, a coordinated charging price mechanism for clusters of parking lots is proposed. The research shows that enabling vehicle-to-grid characteristics can bring significant economic benefits for users and the cluster coordinator, and vehicle-to-grid impacts noticeably on the risk-averse character of the uncertainty-aware strategies. The developed pricing mechanism can reduce the cost for users, avoiding to directly translate the energy cost to charging points.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Duan Kang
Summary: Building an energy superpower is a key strategy for China and a long-term goal for other countries. This study proposes an evaluation system and index for measuring energy superpower, and finds that China has significantly improved its ranking over the past 21 years, surpassing other countries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fucheng Deng, Yifei Wang, Xiaosen Li, Gang Li, Yi Wang, Bin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic blockage mechanism of sand and hydrate in gravel filling layer and the evolution of permeability in the layer. Experimental models and modified permeability models were established to analyze the effects of sand particles and hydrate formation on permeability. The study provided valuable insights for the safe and efficient exploitation of hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Wang, Xiwen Chen, Natan Vital, Edward Duffy, Abolfazl Razi
Summary: This study proposes a HVAC energy optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. It achieves 37% energy savings and ensures thermal comfort for open office buildings. The model has a low complexity, uses a few controllable factors, and has a short training time with good generalizability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Moyue Cong, Yongzhuo Gao, Weidong Wang, Long He, Xiwang Mao, Yi Long, Wei Dong
Summary: This study introduces a multi-strategy ultra-wideband energy harvesting device that achieves high power output without the need for external power input. By utilizing asymmetry, stagger array, magnetic coupling, and nonlinearity strategies, the device maintains a stable output voltage and high power density output at non-resonant frequencies. Temperature and humidity monitoring are performed using Bluetooth sensors to adaptively assess the device.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tianshu Dong, Xiudong Duan, Yuanyuan Huang, Danji Huang, Yingdong Luo, Ziyu Liu, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Chaolong Song
Summary: Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for hydrogen production, and improving the hydrogen separation rate from the electrode is essential for enhancing water electrolyzer performance. However, issues such as air bubble adhesion to the electrode plate hinder the process. Therefore, a methodology to investigate the two-phase flow within the electrolyzer is in high demand. This study proposes using a microfluidic system as a simulator for the electrolyzer and optimizing the two-phase flow by manipulating the micro-structure of the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Yifan Yuan, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Jakub Jurasz
Summary: Giving full play to the flexibility of hydropower and integrating more variable renewable energy is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of China's power energy system. This study proposes a novel day-ahead scheduling model that considers the flexibility limited by irregular vibration zones (VZs) and the probability of flexibility shortage in a hydropower-variable renewable energy hybrid generation system. The model is applied to a real hydropower station and effectively improves the flexibility supply capacity of hydropower, especially during heavy load demand in flood season.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhen Wang, Kangqi Fan, Shizhong Zhao, Shuxin Wu, Xuan Zhang, Kangjia Zhai, Zhiqi Li, Hua He
Summary: This study developed a high-performance rotary energy harvester (AI-REH) inspired by archery, which efficiently accumulates and releases ultralow-frequency vibration energy. By utilizing a magnetic coupling strategy and an accumulator spring, the AI-REH achieves significantly accelerated rotor speeds and enhanced electric outputs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yi Yang, Qianyi Xing, Kang Wang, Caihong Li, Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel hybrid Quantile Regression (QR) model is proposed for Probabilistic Load Forecasting (PLF). The model integrates causal dilated convolution, residual connection, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for multi-scale feature extraction. In addition, a Combined Probabilistic Load Forecasting System (CPLFS) is proposed to overcome the inherent flaws of relying on a single model. Simulation results show that the hybrid QR outperforms traditional models and CPLFS exceeds the best benchmarks in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wen-Jiang Zou, Young-Bae Kim, Seunghun Jung
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic prediction model for capacity fade in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The model accurately predicts changes in electrolyte volume and capacity fade, enhancing the competitiveness of VRFBs in energy storage applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuechao Ma, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Guizhen Tian, Jianwei Zhang, Ruiming Liu
Summary: This paper focuses on the balance of state of charge (SOC) among multiple battery energy storage units (MBESUs) and bus voltage balance in an islanded bipolar DC microgrid. A SOC automatic balancing strategy is proposed considering the energy flow relationship and utilizing the adaptive virtual resistance algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in achieving SOC balancing and decreasing bus voltage unbalance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Raad Z. Homod, Basil Sh. Munahi, Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed, Musatafa Abbas Abbood Albadr, Aissa Abderrahmane, Jasim M. Mahdi, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, A. S. Albahri, Hussein Togun, Umar F. Alqsair, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Summary: In this study, the control problem of the multiple-boiler system (MBS) is formulated as a dynamic Markov decision process and a deep clustering reinforcement learning approach is applied to obtain the optimal control policy. The proposed strategy, based on bang-bang action, shows superior response and achieves more than 32% energy saving compared to conventional fixed parameter controllers under dynamic indoor/outdoor actual conditions.
