Article
Business
Salih Aka, Naci Buyukdag
Summary: This study reveals the importance of intention to avoid food waste and habits in preventing waste behavior, with awareness and knowledge playing mediating roles. Married and women are found to be significant categories affecting food waste behavior among demographic variables.
JOURNAL OF RETAILING AND CONSUMER SERVICES
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Binbin Zheng, Jiahe Wang, Dongming Zhang, Lei Zhao, Wensong Wang
Summary: Surface deposition is widely used in the mining industry to manage mill tailings. The evaporation processes of deposited tailings were studied, with results showing four stages in the evaporation process for coarse and fine tailings. Factors such as exposure area and layer thickness have a considerable influence on evaporation rates.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Behavioral Sciences
Benjamin M. Seitz, A. Janet Tomiyama, Aaron P. Blaisdell
Summary: Research on memory and eating behavior reveals their close connection, influenced by similar neuroendocrine signals and dependent on hippocampal functions. The cyclic relationship between obesity and memory impairment highlights the importance of studying how memory of eating influences future consumption.
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism
Behzad Foroughi, Nanthini Arjuna, Mohammad Iranmanesh, Kavigtha Mohan Kumar, Ming-Lang Tseng, Nelson Leung
Summary: This study explored the determinants of hotel guests' pro-environmental behavior using past behavior as a moderator. The findings showed that environmental knowledge, awareness, and concern influenced environmental emotional value. Environmental knowledge and concern also influenced environmental social value, whereas awareness did not. Additionally, environmental social value was the main factor that encouraged pro-environmental behavior and mediated the influences of knowledge and concern. Past behavior negatively moderated the relationship between environmental social value and pro-environmental behavior. The study contributes to understanding the role of environmental social value in shaping hotel guests' pro-environmental behavior.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Marika Vellei, Richard de Dear, Christian Inard, Ollie Jay
Summary: This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on thermal comfort during non-steady state conditions, focusing on the psycho-physiological phenomena of thermal alliesthesia and thermal habituation. Major knowledge gaps in the domain of dynamic thermal perception are identified, and future research needs to fill these gaps are proposed.
BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
P. Lush, A. K. Seth, Z. Dienes
Summary: Studies have shown that expectations for synchronous condition measures are significantly higher than for asynchronous conditions, indicating that indirect measures of the rubber hand effects may be influenced by hypothesis awareness. Valid control measures are needed to support claims of the role of multisensory integration in both direct and indirect measures of the rubber hand effects.
ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Hanjun Hu, Ying He, Qihua Wang, Liming Tao
Summary: The tribological behavior of Polyimide (PI)-MoS2 composite, pure PI, and sputtering MoS2 film under RTvacuum and cryogenic-vacuum was investigated. Low temperature increased the friction coefficient of PI-MoS2 and pure PI, while it had the opposite effect on sputtering MoS2 film. The friction interface was influenced by water under cryogenic conditions, leading to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds that restricted the formation of highly oriented shear layers.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Mohammad N. Karimi, Tobias Richter
Summary: This study investigated the moderating effect of document language on text-belief consistency effects. The results showed that document language can moderate this effect, especially when the document language is related to the controversial issue.
CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zongshuai Wan, Zhenggang Cao, Ying Sun, Feng Fan
Summary: This paper introduces a novel Tensairity dome that combines the strengths of flexible members and rigid members. The structural performance under different loading conditions is studied experimentally and numerically to demonstrate its application potential. The results show the critical role of air pressure in introducing pre-stress for the ability to withstand external loads, and validate the effectiveness of the simulation method for hybrid inflatable structures.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Psychiatry
Elizabeth Schneider, Elizabeth Martin, Pia Rotshtein, Kasim L. Qureshi, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Maartje S. Spetter, Colin T. Dourish, Suzanne Higgs
Summary: This study examines the behavioural and neural effects of Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX), the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder (BED). The results suggest that the efficacy of LDX in treating BED may be attributed to its ability to enhance satiety, reduce food-related reward responding, and increase cognitive control.
TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chun-Jun Chen, Mei-Ni Su, Yu-Hang Wang, Xiao-Wei Deng
Summary: This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of the fatigue crack propagation behavior of Q420C steel. The results show that the incremental polynomial method is more suitable for calculating the crack growth rate compared to the secant method. The rate curves of Q420C steel exhibit a clear load ratio effect, which can be accurately described by models such as Walker's model. The theory of plasticity-induced crack closure cannot explain the effect of load ratios. In addition, the applicability of BS7910 to Q420C steel is verified, and the different degrees of conservatism of the recommended design curves in BS7910 are demonstrated.
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Wenqi Ke, Lintong Hou, Lisong Wang, Jun Niu, Jingyu Xu
Summary: This study established a new model of liquid-film reversal in gas wells, considering the influences of pipe angle and friction coefficient of the gas-liquid interface. Experimental results showed that the interfacial shear force increases with the liquid superficial velocity, affecting the critical liquid-carrying gas velocity and production rate.
Review
Business
Ritika Bhatia, Anil K. Bhat, Jyoti Tikoria
Summary: This paper presents a systematic review of consumer purchase behavior for life insurance products using the TCM and ADO frameworks, summarizing various antecedents and discussing their impact on decisions and outcomes. It identifies research gaps in existing literature on life insurance and explores important future research directions, particularly from the perspectives of behavioral economics and the COVID-19 pandemic.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Dace Zha, Jianxiong Dong, Kaixuan Si, Zhaowang Cao, Rui Li, Fan He, Ling Miao, Shaowei Bie, Jianjun Jiang
Summary: In this paper, the modal behaviors and frequency properties of resistor-loaded frequency selective surfaces were studied systematically. It was observed that as the resistance value increases, the resonant frequency moves towards higher frequencies, primarily due to higher-order modes. A method of using more load resistors to reduce the impact of higher-order modes on the resonant frequency was proposed and validated through the design and measurement of an absorber with high absorptivity in specific frequency ranges. The experiment demonstrated that the proposed loading method can effectively regulate the equivalent impedance of lossy frequency selective surfaces without negative effects on circuit analog absorber design.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Psychology, Social
Vincent Egan
Summary: Human sexuality is crucial for species' survival and well-being, influenced by individual differences, biological dynamics, and personality traits. Research shows a link between sexual behavior and issues such as risk of reconviction and relapse, disturbed attachments, and the role of intelligence in decision-making in this area. Studying sexual behavior, personality, and intelligence helps in fostering interest in differential psychology and its applications.
PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
(2021)
Article
Psychology, Clinical
Matt Field, Paul Christiansen, Charlotte A. Hardman, Ashleigh Haynes, Andrew Jones, Allecia Reid, Eric Robinson
Summary: This article applies the experimental medicine framework to laboratory studies on food and alcohol intake, aiming to translate research findings into effective behavior change interventions in the real world. The article highlights systematic failures in the translation process and provides recommendations for improving the effectiveness of interventions. Consideration of the experimental medicine framework is crucial in ensuring promising interventions identified in laboratory studies can successfully translate into behavior change interventions.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Victoria Whitelock, Femke Rutters, Judith J. M. Rijnhart, Arie Nouwen, Suzanne Higgs
Summary: This study aimed to examine the association between type 2 diabetes and cognition using the UK Biobank cohort, with comorbid conditions mediating the relationship. Participants with type 2 diabetes showed shorter digit span but no differences in other cognitive measures compared to those without diabetes. The association between type 2 diabetes and cognitive deficits is primarily mediated by macrovascular problems and depressive symptoms.
PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Thomas Gough, Ashleigh Haynes, Katie Clarke, Amy Hansell, Mahrukh Kaimkhani, Bethan Price, Araby Roberts, Charlotte A. Hardman, Eric Robinson
Summary: External influences on eating behavior, such as portion size, may have a greater impact on food intake in a real-world setting compared to a laboratory setting. Participants in their own homes experienced a larger effect of portion size on food intake and reported feeling more relaxed compared to consuming food in a laboratory. However, when comparing a semi-naturalistic laboratory setting to a standard laboratory setting, the effect of portion size on food intake did not differ significantly.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Harriet D. Quinn-Scoggins, Rebecca Cannings-John, Yvonne Moriarty, Victoria Whitelock, Katriina L. Whitaker, Detelina Grozeva, Jacqueline Hughes, Julia Townson, Kirstie Osborne, Mark Goddard, Grace M. McCutchan, Jo Waller, Michael Robling, Julie Hepburn, Graham Moore, Ardiana Gjini, Kate Brain
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, many individuals avoided seeking healthcare services despite experiencing potential cancer symptoms. Barriers to seeking help included concerns about wasting the doctor's time, putting strain on healthcare services, and not wanting to make a fuss. Interviewees reported reluctance to contact GPs due to concerns about COVID-19 and fear of attending hospitals, and described putting their health concerns on hold.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Ashleigh Haynes, Andrea Nathan, Clover Maitland, Helen Dixon, Anna Nicholson, Melanie Wakefield, Suzanne Dobbinson
Summary: The study found that females and older adults were better protected from sun exposure compared to males and adolescents. Physical activity was negatively associated with shade cover. Weather was more strongly correlated with sun protection at outdoor streets/cafes and parks/gardens, but actual usage of sun protection measures was low, highlighting the need for continued public education to promote routine use of sun protection during outdoor activities.
HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Rebecca Wilson, Harriet Quinn-Scoggins, Yvonne Moriarty, Jacqueline Hughes, Mark Goddard, Rebecca Cannings-John, Victoria Whitelock, Katriina L. Whitaker, Detelina Grozeva, Julia Townson, Kirstie Osborne, Stephanie Smits, Michael Robling, Julie Hepburn, Graham Moore, Ardiana Gjini, Kate Brain, Jo Waller
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted cancer screening globally in 2020, potentially leading to changes in public attitudes towards screening. However, a study in the UK found that the majority still intended to participate in cervical and colorectal cancer screening following the first national lockdown. Previous non-participation was the strongest predictor of low intentions for screening, but as screening services recover, intentions to participate in future screening remain high and are strongly associated with previous engagement. Participants expressed concerns about visiting healthcare settings but were keen to participate once screening programmes resumed.
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Substance Abuse
Inge Kersbergen, Penny Buykx, Alan Brennan, Jamie Brown, Susan Michie, John Holmes
Summary: This study investigated the scale and content of news media coverage of drinking guidelines in England and found that while the coverage was generally neutral and accurate, in-depth reporting often sought to discredit the guidelines using scientific and ethical arguments.
DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW
(2022)
Article
Substance Abuse
Ashleigh Haynes, Yan Jun Michelle Chen, Helen Dixon, Shannon Ng Krattli, Lisa Gu, Melanie Wakefield
Summary: This study systematically examined the prevalence of health-oriented marketing on alcohol products in the Australian market. The results showed that a majority of beer, cider, and ready-to-drink products featured health-oriented marketing, primarily through natural imagery or references to fruit ingredients. Nutrition information for alcohol products was found to be poor, and products with health-oriented marketing were lower in energy and alcohol content but still classified as full-strength alcohol on average. This suggests that health-oriented marketing on alcohol products in Australia may mislead consumers about product healthiness and detract from the perceived harm associated with alcohol consumption.
JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
(2022)
Article
Substance Abuse
Inge Kersbergen, Magdalena Opazo Breton, Matt Field, Petra Meier
Summary: This study investigates the characteristics of alcohol products that influence whether they are considered as single drinks or multiple drinks, and identifies the thresholds at which products are considered to contain multiple drinks. The results show that larger packaging sizes, bottled drinks, and higher alcohol content are more likely to be classified as containing multiple drinks. These thresholds are important for promoting more accurate monitoring of alcohol consumption.
PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS
(2022)
Article
Substance Abuse
Shuyan Cao, Changyuan Tang, Isla Carboon, Cassie Hayward, Hannah Capes, Yan Jun Michelle Chen, Emily Brennan, Helen Dixon, Melanie Wakefield, Ashleigh Haynes
Summary: Low sugar claims on alcoholic drinks can create a health halo effect, causing consumers to generalize the favorable attribute of low sugar to other health-related attributes. This may mislead consumers.
ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Melissa Oldham, Inge Kersbergen, Sharon Cox, Jamie Brown, Richard Piper, Claire Garnett
Summary: The study shows that there is an increased proportion of higher risk drinkers attempting to reduce their alcohol consumption through temporary abstinence following the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, there is higher participation in Dry January among users of the official app in 2021 compared to 2020, with a slightly older age profile. This indicates increased engagement with temporary abstinence during the lockdowns in England and the UK, which is positive considering the overall increase in alcohol consumption during the pandemic.
Article
Health Policy & Services
Ashleigh Haynes, Megan Bayly, Helen Dixon, Alison McAleese, Jane Martin, Yan Jun Michelle Chen, Melanie Wakefield
Summary: This study compares the advertising expenditure on public health campaigns with competing commercial categories and finds that the expenditure on public health campaigns is significantly lower. This highlights the need for increased funding and government regulation to rebalance the advertising ratio and support public health.
HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Yan Jun Michelle Chen, Ashleigh Haynes, Maree Scully, Claudia Gascoyne, Alison McAleese, Helen Dixon, Belinda Morley, Melanie Wakefield
Summary: This study examines the associations between food purchasing practices in various retail settings and dietary intake among Australian adolescents. The results showed that purchasing lunch from school or nearby outlets was associated with higher intake of discretionary food and sugary drinks and lower fruit and vegetable intake. Buying food or drinks on the school commute, outside school grounds during school hours, from supermarket checkouts, and using mobile phone apps were each associated with higher discretionary food and sugary drink intake.
HEALTH PROMOTION JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA
(2023)
Editorial Material
Substance Abuse
Anna Butters, Inge Kersbergen, John Holmes, Matt Field
Summary: Participation in temporary abstinence challenges (TAC) is increasing, and it is associated with ongoing benefits such as reduced alcohol consumption. This paper identifies three research priorities regarding TACs. First, the role of temporary abstinence itself is unclear, and it is necessary to determine to what extent it contributes to changes in consumption. Second, little is known about the psychological changes underlying these changes in alcohol consumption. Third, it is important to establish for whom or in what circumstances participation in a TAC may result in unintended negative consequences. Focusing research in these areas would increase confidence in participation and enable effective long-term change.
DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW
(2023)
Correction
Nutrition & Dietetics
Philip Calder, Alan L. Fernandes, Daniela Freitas, Edward A. Frongillo, Teresa Fung, Nina Rica Wium Geiker, William S. Harris, Ashleigh Haynes, Lindsay F. Holzapfel, Laura Katus, Marko Kerac, Jia Li, Kevin Maki, Bodo C. Melnik, Anne Marie Minihane, Michael Muller, Kristina S. Petersen, Sergio Polakof, Elliot O'Brian Smith, Meir Stampfer, Qi Sun, Miriam Vos, Shannon Whaley
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Hugues Piloquet, Benoit Berge, Pascal Maigret, Veronique Hospital
Summary: This study aimed to explore the effects of environmental factors on eating behavior and food intake in toddlers. The results showed that food fussiness was more common in older children, children conceived with medical assistance, children exposed to distractions during meals, rewarded by parents to finish meals, free to eat at will, and those who ate only occasionally with the whole family. Unsatisfactory dietary diversification was not significantly associated with any variable.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Victoria Norton, Julie A. Lovegrove, Marcus Tindall, Julia Rodriguez Garcia, Stella Lignou
Summary: The UK's aging population requires promotion of balanced nutrition, with a particular focus on increasing dietary fiber intake. Surveys involving older adults showed their willingness to learn about dietary fiber and the need for accessible information. Educational materials proved effective in engaging older adults and were perceived as useful. A holistic approach, involving support from various sources, can aid in improving dietary fiber consumption and overall health outcomes among older adults.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Gary J. Farkas, Paige M. Cunningham, Alicia M. Sneij, John E. Hayes, Mark S. Nash, Arthur S. Berg, David R. Gater, Barbara J. Rolls
Summary: Overeating associated with neurogenic obesity after spinal cord injury (SCI) may be related to how persons with SCI experience satiation, their eating frequency, and the context in which they eat their meals. Those with SCI rely less on physiological satiation cues for meal termination and instead rely more on hedonic cues. There are differences in meal contexts and eating frequency between SCI individuals and controls, with SCI individuals consuming fewer meals but having a higher overall eating frequency due to increased snacking. These factors likely contribute to overeating associated with neurogenic obesity after SCI.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Shana Adise, Kerri N. Boutelle, Panteha Hayati Rezvan, Eric Kan, Kyung E. Rhee, Michael I. Goran, Elizabeth R. Sowell
Summary: This study investigated the relationship between executive functions and cognition during adolescence, and the intake of fat and sugar two years later. The study found that higher impulsivity and reward-seeking behaviors were related to greater fat and sugar intake in males, while higher negative urgency and BMI were related to greater intake in both sexes. These findings suggest that individuals with certain traits may be more at risk for weight gain due to overconsumption of unhealthy foods.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Claire Margerison, Gozde Aydin, Christel Larsson, Alison Booth, Anthony Worsley, Janandani Nanayakkara
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns resulted in changes in food accessibility and availability, leading to shifts in food habits and behaviors among people worldwide. A study conducted in Australia examined the self-reported changes in food habits and behaviors of adults during the COVID-19 restrictions in 2020. The majority of respondents reported developing positive food habits, such as trying new recipes, cooking from scratch, and reducing take-away meals. The study also found that family involvement in food preparation and eating together increased during the restrictions. However, there were negative experiences, including difficulties in purchasing certain foods and limited access to food outlets.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Betsy Cogan, Jamie A. Cooper
Summary: This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary sweetness on appetite in adults with and without obesity. The results showed that the response of ghrelin to unsweetened rinses was energy-specific for all adults, while rinses containing sucralose led to greater cephalic phase cholecystokinin release in adults with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m(2).
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Rebecca Gregson, Jared Piazza, Heather Shaw
Summary: Recent scholarship has identified a group of individuals who self-identify as anti-vegan, and they have distinct dietarian identities and ideological profiles. Anti-vegans show higher levels of commitment to their dietary patterns compared to omnivores, and they also score higher on various ideological measures.
Review
Behavioral Sciences
Gibson Weydmann, Patricia Maidana Miguel, Nour Hakim, Laurette Dube, Patricia Pelufo Silveira, Lisiane Bizarro
Summary: This study systematically reviewed the association between obesity and overweight with reinforcement learning performance. It was found that obesity might be associated with impairments in utilizing aversive outcomes to change behavior, but further research is needed to confirm this association.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Laura Kudlek, Rebecca A. Jones, Carly Hughes, Robbie Duschinsky, Andrew Hill, Rebecca Richards, Megan Thompson, Ann Vincent, Simon J. Griffin, Amy L. Ahern
Summary: This study explored how participants of an ACT-based weight management intervention (WMI) experience emotional eating and highlighted the importance of self-awareness and alternative coping strategies in improving emotional eating. It also emphasized the need for ongoing and personalized interventions to support individuals with external locus of control and complex emotional eating experiences.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Stefanie C. Landwehr, Monika Hartmann
Summary: This study examines the influence of peers on children's snack purchasing decisions, finding that the presence of peers strongly impacts children's brand awareness and price perception, highlighting the crucial role of social influence in shaping children's decision-making processes.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Rao Yuan, Shaosheng Jin, Wenchao Wu
Summary: This study examines the interactive effects of information and consumer trust on consumer preferences for organic food. The results show that consumers are willing to pay a higher price for organic food, especially those with higher levels of trust. The introduction of information significantly increases consumers' willingness to pay, with a greater increase observed among high-trust consumers.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Oda Bjorklund, Lars Wichstrom, Clare Llewellyn, Silje Steinsbekk
Summary: This study tests the psychometric properties of the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ) in a sample of 14-year-olds and examines its construct validity using the parent-reported Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). The results show that a 7-factor solution of the AEBQ without the Hunger scale is a better fitting model, and there are small-to-moderate correlations between the AEBQ and CEBQ scales.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Alice M. Cox, Rachael W. Taylor, Jillian J. Haszard, Kathryn L. Beck, Pamela R. von Hurst, Cathryn A. Conlon, Lisa A. Te Morenga, Lisa Daniels, Jenny Mcarthur, Rebecca Paul, Neve H. McLean, Emily A. Jones, Ioanna Katiforis, Kimberley J. Brown, Madeline Gash, Madeleine Rowan, Elizabeth A. Fleming, Rosario Jupiterwala, Bailey R. Bruckner, Anne-Louise M. Heath
Summary: Although concerns are often raised about the potential impact of baby food pouch use and Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) on infant health, there is limited research in this area. This study found that frequent pouch use was associated with increased food fussiness and more selective eating, while BLW was associated with higher energy intake and a range of eating behaviors.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Briana L. Kennedy, Andrew M. Camara, Dominic M. D. Tran
Summary: This study investigated the relationship between obesity, overconsumption, and oversensitivity to rewards, and how it affects attentional biases towards food-related stimuli. The results showed that individuals with higher BMI had lower attentional priority for food and food logos, while increased consumption of HFHS foods and dieting predicted increased attentional priority for food and food logo images.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Irene Campos-Sanchez, Rocio Munoz-Sanchez, Eva-Maria Navarrete-Munoz, Maria Sofia Molina-Inigo, Miriam Hurtado-Pomares, Paula Fernandez-Pires, Alicia Sanchez-Perez, Daniel Prieto-Botella, Iris Juarez-Leal, Paula Peral-Gomez, Cristina Espinosa-Sempere, Desiree Valera-Gran
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the association between sensory reactivity and feeding problems in young children. The results showed that taste/smell sensitivity was significantly associated with difficulties in texture transition/introduction, limited variety of foods, and both feeding problems. Additionally, children with total sensory reactivity or auditory filtering sensory reactivity had a higher prevalence of consuming a limited variety of foods. These findings highlight the importance of considering sensory reactivity as a potential predictor of feeding problems.
