Review
Polymer Science
Zhe Li, Xinsheng Wang, Haoyu Bai, Moyuan Cao
Summary: As research on superhydrophobic materials inspired by nature continues, the preparation methods and applications of superhydrophobic surfaces made from silicone substrates are widely reported. Silicones are preferred due to their inherent hydrophobicity and processing ability. Despite the low mechanical stability, it can be improved through rational design. This review provides an overview of silicone-based superhydrophobic surfaces and their applications, serving as inspiration for polymer interfaces and colloid science development.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yang Wang, Ming Dai, Heting Wu, Lin Xu, Tongtong Zhang, Wenshuai Chen, Zhong Lin Wang, Ya Yang
Summary: The study introduces a micro-robot driven by moisture-induced electric power, which captures and stores atmospheric water through a hygroscopic gel to generate electricity. The combination of moisture-electricity powered vibration and the micro-robot's design enables its forward motion.
Article
Robotics
Zhitao Zhou, Zewei Hou, Yongmao Pei
Summary: This study introduces a swarm robotic system that can turn granular materials into active robots using acoustic vibration tweezers, with the distinction of being simple and low-cost. The particle robots are capable of solid-like aggregation, robustly carrying and transporting objects much heavier than individual particles, and achieving cooperative transport with other swarm robots.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Swathi Naidu Vakamulla Raghu, Khajidkhand Chuluunbandi, Manuela Sonja Killian
Summary: Surface modifications, such as wettability enhancements, are crucial for material interactions. Mainstream research on superhydrophobic surfaces for outdoor applications has focused on benefits like self-cleaning and anti-soiling. Zirconia nanotubes are being evaluated as a potential alternative for creating transparent UV-stable superhydrophobic coatings.
SURFACES AND INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiao Yan, Bingqiang Ji, Lezhou Feng, Xiong Wang, Daolong Yang, Kazi Fazle Rabbi, Qi Peng, Muhammad Jahidul Hoque, Puhang Jin, Elizabeth Bello, Soumyadip Sett, Marianne Alleyne, Donald M. Cropek, Nenad Miljkovic
Summary: This study reports a previously unidentified mechanism for passive removal of particles from superhydrophobic surfaces. The findings can facilitate the development of functional surfaces with self-cleaning properties.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaodong Wang, Daojing Lin, Yuting Zhou, Niandong Jiao, Steve Tung, Lianqing Liu
Summary: This study developed multistimuli-responsive superhydrophobic microrobots that can drift rapidly on water through light, magnetic, and chemical control. The microrobots achieved programmable trajectory motion, particularly complex motions under the coupled influence of chemical and magnetic fields, and could realize cooperative movement and cargo transportation. The study explored broad multifunctional applications of the microrobots in oil spill recovery and solution mix.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Samantha A. McBride, Henri-Louis Girard, Kripa K. Varanasi
Summary: This study explores a curious phenomenon in which crystals self-eject from heated, nanotextured superhydrophobic materials during evaporation of saline water drops, thus preventing crystal fouling. The cooperative effects of crystallization, evaporative flows, and nanoscale effects contribute to this unusual phenomenon. Insights gained from confinement-driven evaporative crystallization could be applied for antifouling, drop-based fluidic machines, and even self-propulsion.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Cuicui Su, Xiaocheng Huang, Lingling Zhang, Yuanzheng Zhang, Zhenhua Yu, Caleb Chen, Yumin Ye, Shishang Guo
Summary: This article reports a stable superhydrophobic antibacterial self-powered piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) sensor. The sensor is composed of a flexible electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) piezoelectric nanofiber membrane, spray-coated interdigitated carbon nanotube electrodes, and a crosslinked hydrophobic nanocoating. It can accurately monitor human behaviors such as breathing and various motions, while providing self-cleaning, superhydrophobicity, and over 90% antibacterial rate. The sensor shows reliable and durable sensing performance under harsh environments and has been successfully integrated into shoe insoles for human gait monitoring.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yan Gao, Zhaoqing Ke, Wei Yang, Zhiqiang Wang, Ying Zhang, Wei Wu
Summary: By developing a class of honeycomb bionic superhydrophobic surfaces (HBSS), reliable and efficient droplet jumping on a large scale was achieved for the first time, ensuring the uniformity of droplet diameter. The shape and geometric parameters of the surface significantly impact the efficiency of droplet jumping, with the experimentally measured maximum dimensionless jumping velocity reaching 0.747, corresponding to an efficiency of about 45.25%.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xia Peng, Mario Urso, Martin Pumera
Summary: Self-powered micromachines, specifically light-powered Janus microrobots, are of great interest for environmental remediation due to their ability to move and degrade pollutants in water using light. In this study, Janus microrobots made of hematite and Pt were investigated, with thicker Pt layers resulting in higher propulsion speeds. However, higher consumption of H2O2 for propulsion led to lower efficiency in degrading pollutants using the photo-Fenton mechanism, emphasizing that speed is not the only factor to consider in water purification applications.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Saba Goharshenas Moghadam, Hamidreza Parsimehr, Ali Ehsani
Summary: Surface wetting significantly influences material performance and applications, with superhydrophobic surfaces exhibiting water repellency due to their low surface energy chemistry and micro/nanostructure roughness. The next generation of superhydrophobic surfaces, Multifunctional SHSs, are rapidly evolving with properties including self-healing, anti-bacterial, anti-fouling, and stimuli responsiveness. Designing durable Multifunctional SHSs with self-healing functions can enhance performance and lifespan, with a focus on parameters such as durability, stability, more functions, responsiveness, and environmentally friendly features.
ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Yuhang Wang, Wilko Rohlfs, Reinhold Kneer
Summary: This paper verifies the effects of protuberant structures on the jumping behaviors of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces through experiments. It is found that an appropriate protuberant structure can increase the jumping velocity of the droplets, while an excessively tall structure leads to a sustained increase in the jumping velocity of the droplets.
Review
Polymer Science
Muhammad Zaman Khan, Jiri Militky, Michal Petru, Blanka Tomkova, Azam Ali, Elcin Toren, Sajida Perveen
Summary: Over the past decade, researchers have successfully replicated the surface structures found on natural superhydrophobic surfaces and induced superhydrophobic properties into various material surfaces. These superhydrophobic surfaces exhibit non-wetting and self-cleaning properties and have diverse applications in fields such as space, textiles, marine, defense, automotive, biomedical applications, etc.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaodong Wang, Liguo Dai, Niandong Jiao, Steve Tung, Lianqing Liu
Summary: Photoresponsive superhydrophobic microrobots based on graphene have been successfully developed with excellent multifunctional properties, including different motion forms and infrared light driving performance. The fabrication of water strider-like robot demonstrates the potential applications of these microrobots in liquid detection and oil recovery.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Liting Wang, Yinlong Tan, Kesheng Gan, Liangcheng Liu, Xin Chen, Min Tang, Biru Hu, Wenjian Wu
Summary: The unique wetting behavior of rose pistil stigma is attributed to its hierarchical microstructures and surface chemistry, resulting in superhydrophobicity and high adhesion to water. These findings have potential implications for designing functional wetting surfaces for various applications.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiao Han, Yun Ji, Ya Yang
Summary: Over the past few decades, ferroelectric materials have garnered much research attention for their unique piezoelectric and optoelectronic properties. Ferroelectric photovoltaics have attracted interest due to their unusual photovoltaic effect and controllability, and research has shown significant improvements in the photogenerated current through cation doping and heterostructure construction.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tongtong Zhang, Yi Ding, Chaosheng Hu, Maoyi Zhang, Wenxuan Zhu, Chris R. Bowen, Yu Han, Ya Yang
Summary: This study presents a new flexible self-powered strain sensor system that exhibits high stretchability, short response time, and excellent linearity. Based on this sensor system, a human-machine interaction system is designed for remote control of robots and vehicles using a human hand.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xibao Li, Qiuning Luo, Lu Han, Fang Deng, Ya Yang, Fan Dong
Summary: Constructing a heterojunction between semiconductors with matched energy band structure is an effective method to obtain excellent photocatalysts. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were self-assembled on the surface of sulfur-doped carbon nitride (S-C3N4) semiconductor through pi-pi conjugate interaction using a simple solvent method. The resulting S-scheme heterojunction N CDS/S-C3N4 hybrid exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen evolution performance under simulated sunlight irradiation.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Md Al Mahadi Hasan, Tongtong Zhang, Heting Wu, Ya Yang
Summary: Water droplet-driven energy-harvesting nanogenerators have emerged as a sustainable energy resource that can meet the future demand for green energy. This review summarizes the recent developments in droplets-driven nanogenerators, discusses the device structures and applications, and outlines the future possibilities.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yuan Liu, Yun Ji, Yanlong Xia, Li Wu, Chris R. Bowen, Ya Yang
Summary: We have significantly enhanced the photocurrent of a ferroelectric photoelectric device through the ferropyro-phototronic effect. The simultaneous use of both light and heating increases the peak and platform photocurrents by 131% and 57%, respectively. This enhancement is associated with an increase in pyroelectric coefficient, photoexcited carrier concentration, and carrier mobility at higher temperatures, resulting in a rapid response time.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shuhan Xu, Huiqi Zhao, Qing Li, Renyun Zhang, Guoliang Li, Bailing Chen, Shouxin Liu, Jian Li, Wenshuai Chen, Ya Yang
Summary: In this study, a cellulose-based multilayer film was constructed as a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to overcome the fragility and inability to shape transparent materials into fixed three-dimensional structures. The results showed that the cellulose-based multilayer film was transparent, flexible, and foldable, and various spatial configurations could be achieved through cutting and folding. The practicality and potential application of the cellulose-based multilayer film were demonstrated by developing a multi-dimensional touch password switch.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Gui-Zhong Li, Ya-Wei Cai, Gui-Gen Wang, Na Sun, Fei Li, Hai-Ling Zhou, Xiao-Nan Zhang, Hai-Xu Zhao, Yuanhao Wang, Jie-Cai Han, Ya Yang
Summary: Wearable/portable devices require flexible, transparent, and lightweight power sources. In this study, flexible and transparent triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were fabricated using cost-effective methods. By doping copper nanowires (Cu NWs) into the friction layers, the TENGs achieved high output voltages and power densities. The PDMS/Cu NWs-based TENG showed advantages such as ease of fabrication, good biocompatibility, flexibility, and transparency, making it a promising sustainable method for self-powered wearable/portable electronic devices.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Suwen Xu, Wenxuan Zhu, Li Wu, Xiaoming Zhang, Chuanbo Li, Yuanhao Wang, Ya Yang
Summary: Exploiting the coupling effect of pyroelectric fields and photocatalysis can greatly enhance the catalytic performance, as demonstrated by the degradation of rhodamine B using Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) nanoparticles under temperature fluctuations and visible light irradiation, achieving a degradation rate of up to 98%. The performance improvement, compared to pyroelectric catalysis and photocatalysis alone, was 216.54% and 31.48% respectively, attributed to the introduction of pyroelectric potential and enhanced domain polarization.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Chong Guo, Lan Xu, Yuan Su, Hongwei Li, Mei Zhang, Ya Yang
Summary: Using stretchable nanogenerators to obtain mechanical energy from the environment is an ideal way to realize wearable and self-power electronic devices. This paper reviews the physical mechanisms, material selection, structure design, and output performance of stretchable nanogenerators, as well as discusses future development directions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chengmin Bao, Huiyu Dan, Maoyi Zhang, Chuanbo Li, Zhong Lin Wang, Ya Yang
Summary: Hybridized nanogenerator composed of photovoltaic cell (PVC) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed to scavenge both light and liquid-droplet energies simultaneously. The device exhibits good hybridized process and generates peak current and voltage of 16.96 mu A and 0.83 V. The maximum hybridized peak power is determined by TENG's pulselike output, while the maximum hybridized output energy is more affected by the continuous output signals of PVC.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maoyi Zhang, Chengmin Bao, Chaosheng Hu, YongAn Huang, Ya Yang, Yewang Su
Summary: This article proposes a new design strategy to increase the current of the water droplet nanogenerator by simultaneously scavenging the mechanical energy of the liquid-solid contact and the deformation energy. A droplet-based triboelectric-piezoelectric hybridized nanogenerator (TPiHNG) with a cantilever beam structure is fabricated under this strategy, achieving more efficient scavenging of water droplet energy.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lili Yang, Liyun Wu, Lizhong Su, Lan Xu, Li-Dong Zhao, Ya Yang
Summary: Self-powered photodetectors are crucial for passive monitoring networks and interactive intelligent platforms. This study utilizes a bromine doped n-type SnSe thermoelectric single crystal as the core element, combined with the Ag/SnSe:Br/ITO structure, to achieve low-temperature enhanced photodetection performance through the thermo-phototronic effect. The response current and voltage of the device increase by 139% and 696%, respectively, when the temperature decreases from 300 K to 100 K. Additionally, the responsivity and specific detectivity at 100 K are 7.95 and 2.74 times higher than at 300 K, respectively, indicating enhanced output performance at low temperatures due to accelerated photogenerated electrons through the thermoelectric effect. This work presents a simple structure and low-temperature enhanced photodetectors.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daqiang Zhao, Le-Yang Dang, Gui-Gen Wang, Na Sun, Xianyu Deng, Jie-Cai Han, Jia-Qi Zhu, Ya Yang
Summary: A practical method to fabricate MXene-based aerogels with superior hydrophobicity, reversible compressibility, and high conductivity has been developed. The silylated BC/MXene aerogels exhibit excellent electromagnetic wave-shielding properties and have diverse applications, such as self-cleaning and efficient thermal insulation.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shuaikai Xu, Zhemin Li, Guodong Wei, Yuanhao Wang, Ya Yang
Summary: The electrochemical performance of Ti3CNTx, a member of MXenes, can be significantly enhanced by intercalating K+ ions and removing surface terminations. Introduction of Ag nanowires further enhances the charge transport, leading to high gravimetric capacitance. The assembled all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors exhibit promising potential for flexible electronic devices.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mingyue Tian, Lan Xu, Huiyu Dan, Ya Yang
Summary: A self-powered UV photodetector based on a BNT thin film was demonstrated, which utilizes a current and voltage dual indicator detection method to achieve wide linear range detection of UV light intensity and detect weak UV light.
NANOSCALE HORIZONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Sirinya Ukasi, Paritta Jutapukti, Chiranicha Ninthub, Nattapong Pinpru, Phakkhananan Pakawanit, Wanwilai Vittayakorn, Satana Pongampai, Naratip Vittayakorn, Thitirat Charoonsuk
Summary: This study explores the enhancement of electrical output of flexible hybrid piezoelectric-triboelectric nanogenerators by incorporating gamma-glycine into fully organic composites. The research demonstrates the importance of optimized concentrations of gamma-glycine and chitosan in achieving superior performance. The study identifies the critical content of gamma-glycine that leads to the highest output signal, and provides theoretical explanations for this observation.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yoonsang Ra, Yu-seop Kim, Seonmo Yang, Namgyu Kang, Gyuwon Oh, Chungyeon Cho, Sangmin Lee, Dongwhi Choi
Summary: In this study, a portable energy harvester (STEP) was proposed to drive various functional LEDs using biomechanical energy. The roles and functionalities of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic generator (EMG) in the hybrid energy harvester were experimentally demonstrated, and the necessity of hybridization for LED-involved devices was described. The STEP showed promising potential as an effective energy supply strategy for various functional LEDs in related industries.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Dae Sol Kong, Kyung Hoon Kim, Ying Chieh Hu, Jong Hun Kim, Inseo Kim, Jeongwan Lee, Joonhyuk Lee, Won Hyuk Shon, Hanjin Yoo, Chul-Un Ro, Seungsu Lee, Hyoungjeen Jeen, Minbaek Lee, Minseok Choi, Jong Hoon Jung
Summary: With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, smart home has emerged to fulfill the security, convenience, and energy-saving issues of modern life. A flexoelectric mica crystal is used to augment the finger touch-driven triboelectric output for operating a wireless and multichannel smart home controller. This work provides important ingredients for enhancing triboelectric output and realizing a convenient, multifunctional, cost-effective, and adaptable smart home control system without batteries.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yi Han, Fang Wu, Xiaozhen Du, Zihao Li, Haixiang Chen, Dongxing Guo, Junlei Wang, Hong Yu
Summary: This paper presents a novel type of triboelectric nanogenerator that utilizes wind energy, with a Y-type bluff body to enhance vibration and output power. The application of this generator successfully provides power for a wireless temperature and humidity sensor.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wen Zhang, Fangyuan Cheng, Miao Chang, Yue Xu, Yuyu Li, Shixiong Sun, Liang Wang, Leimin Xu, Qing Li, Chun Fang, Meng Wang, Yuhao Lu, Jiantao Han, Yunhui Huang
Summary: This study successfully induced the formation of a uniform and robust CEI by constructing ZrO2 nano-rivets on the surface of LCO, stabilizing the surface of high-voltage LCO and facilitating lithium-ion diffusion.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Karl P. Olson, Laurence D. Marks
Summary: This paper investigates the role of contacting shapes in triboelectricity and provides scaling rules for designing energy harvesting devices.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jong-An Choi, Jingu Jeong, Mingyu Kang, Hee-Jin Ko, Taehoon Kim, Keun Park, Jongbaeg Kim, Soonjae Pyo
Summary: Wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (WTENGs) are a promising emerging technology for sustainable wind energy harvesting, offering high output performance, lightweight design, and compact dimensions. This study introduces an innovative WTENG design that leverages a rolling-based mechanism to achieve efficient omnidirectional wind energy harvesting.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Liwei Dong, Qian Tang, Chaoyang Zhao, Guobiao Hu, Shuai Qu, Zicheng Liu, Yaowen Yang
Summary: This paper proposes a novel hybrid scheme for flag-type nanogenerators (FNGs) that enhances their performance and broadens their operational wind speed ranges by harnessing the synergistic potential of two aerodynamic behaviors. The proposed flag-type triboelectric-piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerator (FTPNG) integrates flapping piezoelectric flags (PEFs) and a fluttering triboelectric flag (TEF). The FTPNG achieves significant power generation and a broad wind speed range, surpassing other FNGs, making it suitable for various self-powered systems and Internet of Things applications.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Yunmeng Li, Xin Liu, Zewei Ren, Jianjun Luo, Chi Zhang, Changyong (Chase) Cao, Hua Yuan, Yaokun Pang
Summary: The demand for green and eco-friendly materials is growing due to increasing environmental concerns related to traditional petroleum-based products. Marine biomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative, thanks to their abundant availability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. In this review, we discuss the development and applications of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) based on marine biomaterials. The operational modes, foundational principles, intrinsic qualities, and advantages of marine biomaterials commonly used in TENG designs are highlighted. Approaches to enhance the efficacy of TENGs derived from marine biomaterials are also discussed, along with documented applications from existing literature. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future directions in marine biomaterial-inspired TENGs are explored.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Matthew P. Wells, Adam J. Lovett, Yizhi Zhang, Zhongxia Shang, Kosova Kreka, Babak Bakhit, Haiyan Wang, Albert Tarancon, Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll
Summary: Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) offer a promising solution to efficient energy conversion, but have been limited in portable power and electrolysis applications due to excessive polarisation resistance of the oxygen electrode at low temperatures. This study demonstrates the growth of symmetric and complete rSOC structures with reduced polarisation resistance by tuning oxygen vacancy through annealing, providing a promising route towards high-performance rSOC devices for portable power applications.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Kangkang Bao, Minghui Wang, Yue Zheng, Panpan Wang, Liwen Yang, Yang Jin, Hui Wu, Bin Sun
Summary: This study utilizes ethanol as an electrolyte additive to modulate the migration of zinc ions and the surface structure of zinc anodes, resulting in improved capacity retention and cycle life of zinc-based aqueous batteries.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Haichao Yang, Wensi Cai, Ming Wang, Saif M. H. Qaid, Zhiyuan Xu, Huaxin Wang
Summary: The introduction of sodium alginate (SA) into perovskite solar cells improves the carrier dynamics, stability, and performance by inhibiting nonradiative recombination and retarded charge dynamics.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Cuirong Zhang, Mingyuan Wei, Zihan Chen, Wansheng Lin, Shifan Yu, Yijing Xu, Chao Wei, Jinwei Zhang, Ziquan Guo, Yuanjin Zheng, Qingliang Liao, Xinqin Liao, Zhong Chen
Summary: Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) aims to establish smart and informative interactions between humans and devices. However, common pixelated sensing arrays in AIoT applications present problems such as hard and brittle devices, complex structures, and low precision. This article introduces an innovative solution called the all-in-one intelligent semitransparent interactive nerve patch (AISI nerve patch), which integrates sensing, recognition, and transmission functionalities into a thin and flexible patch. The AISI nerve patch is semitransparent, allowing for accurate identification without affecting aesthetics, and it can be attached to any curved surface for intelligent and interactive applications. With rapid response time and high precision recognition, it enables the integration of artificial intelligence and achieves high recognition accuracy for further development of AIoT.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Youcun Bai, Heng Zhang, Huijun Song, Chong Zhu, Lijin Yan, Qin Hu, Chang Ming Li
Summary: A novel stainless-steel supported lattice-mismatched V-S-Se layered compound with high selenium vacancy was synthesized by adjusting the molar ratio of sulfur to selenium. The introduction of selenium vacancies created additional redox peaks of sulfur, providing more mass transport channels and active sites for zinc ions. The specific capacity and cycle stability of the electrode were significantly improved, demonstrating great potential for practical applications and providing insights into the effects of defects on battery performance.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yao Xiao, Puxian Xiong, Yakun Le, Zhenjie Lun, Kang Chen, Zhiduo Wang, Peishan Shao, Zhicong Chen, Dongdan Chen, Zhongmin Yang
Summary: This study successfully synthesized a material with multi-stimulus-responsive luminescence and confirmed the internal relationship between luminescence and defects by regulating the distribution and depth of defects. The dynamic process of multi-stimulus-responsive luminescence was validated by experimental and calculation results.
