Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Ademola C. Famurewa, Anirban Goutam Mukherjee, Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari, Aarthi Sukumar, Reshma Murali, Kaviyarasi Renu, Balachandar Vellingiri, Abhijit Dey, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
Summary: Platinum-based anticancer drugs have been widely used for treating various cancer types, but their toxicity to non-targeted organs is a concern. Research has shown that this toxicity is associated with free radical generation, DNA impairment, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and other factors. Repurposing non-anticancer drugs has emerged as a strategy to mitigate the side effects of platinum-based drugs.
Article
Oncology
Gerhard Jungwirth, Tao Yu, Fang Liu, Junguo Cao, Montadar Alaa Eddine, Mahmoud Moustafa, Amir Abdollahi, Rolf Warta, Andreas Unterberg, Christel Herold-Mende
Summary: A large-scale drug screening identified carfilzomib, omacetaxine, ixabepilone, and romidepsin as potent antineoplastic agents for the treatment of aggressive meningiomas. These drugs showed significant inhibitory effects on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Further validation in a mouse model confirmed their antineoplastic effects and ixabepilone demonstrated the strongest tumor growth inhibition.
CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ha Yeong Choi, Ji-Eun Chang
Summary: The development of targeted therapies has revolutionized cancer treatment, offering improved efficacy with reduced side effects. This review focuses on targeted therapy in lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer, highlighting key molecular targets and FDA-approved drugs. Mutations in EGFR and ALK genes are significant targets in lung cancer, with drugs like osimertinib and crizotinib inhibiting these pathways. For colorectal cancer, targeting VEGF and EGFR with drugs like bevacizumab and cetuximab significantly improves outcomes. AR targeting with drugs like enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide is pivotal in prostate cancer. The review also discusses promising targets like MET, ROS1, BRAF, and PARP, along with ongoing clinical trials.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
X. Huang, B. Chen, L. Thabane, J. D. Adachi, G. Li
Summary: This study aimed to analyze the fragility of clinical trials referenced in osteoporosis treatment guidelines. Results showed that some RCTs supporting guideline recommendations for osteoporosis treatment depend on a small number of events, highlighting the fragility of these results.
OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Medicinal
Austin Lui, Jordan Vanleuven, David Perekopskiy, Dewey Liu, Desiree Xu, Omar Alzayat, Taiseer Elgokhy, Timothy Do, Meghan Gann, Ryan Martin, Da-Zhi Liu
Summary: Cancer and neurological disorders share a common mechanism of aberrant cell cycle re-entry, suggesting that some cancer therapies may be applicable for neurological treatments. However, there is still a lack of FDA-approved drugs for neurological disorders.
Review
Clinical Neurology
N. U. Farrukh Hameed, Xiaoran Zhang, Omar Sajjad, Sam Sathyamurthi, Maadeha H. H. Zaidi, Nicolina Jovanovich, Ahmed Habib, Mamindla Priyadharshini, Pascal O. O. Zinn
Summary: This study evaluated the robustness of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) supporting the current guidelines for neurosurgical treatments. The results showed that the trials supporting neuro-oncological and neurovascular surgical interventions have low robustness.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Amelia D. Dahlen, Giovanna Dashi, Ivan Maslov, Misty M. Attwood, Joergen Jonsson, Vladimir Trukhan, Helgi B. Schioth
Summary: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant medical problem due to its increasing global prevalence and its connection with obesity, liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. There are now nearly 60 FDA-approved drugs and nearly 100 others being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of T2DM. Modern drugs, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors, are gaining popularity on the pharmaceutical market.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Oncology
Yafang Huang, Weiyi Xiong, Li Ma, Hao Wu
Summary: Precision medicine for cancer with cancer driver gene (CDG) biomarkers has been achieved through small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) approved by the FDA. The number of CDG biomarker-directed indications in approved SMKIs has significantly increased in the past two decades, with a higher proportion of approvals utilizing expedited development and approval pathways.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Robert Roskoski
Summary: The discovery of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway has provided a major advance in understanding eukaryotic signal transduction, leading to the development of drugs targeting oncogenic mutants. PI 3-kinases are divided into three classes, with Class I PI 3-kinases being the main subject, catalyzing the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) to generate phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). These kinases interact with various receptor and regulatory subunits to affect cell growth and survival.
PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Oncology
Alexandra Desnoyers, Brooke E. Wilson, Michelle B. Nadler, Eitan Amir
Summary: The study found that statistical significance of randomized controlled trials in common solid tumors can often be reversed with a small number of additional events. Post-approval RCTs or real-world data analyses should be conducted to ensure the robustness of results from registration trials.
CANCER TREATMENT REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Arushi Sachdev, Isobel Sharpe, Meghan Bowman, Christopher M. Booth, Bishal Gyawali
Summary: This study provides a pooled placebo response rate from drug trials in advanced solid tumors. The results show that about 1% of patients can expect to achieve some response even in the absence of treatment, but complete regression without treatment is extremely rare, almost zero percent. This information is important for patients in their treatment decisions and regulators evaluating the efficacy of cancer drugs based on response rates alone.
Review
Oncology
Brooke E. Wilson, Alexandra Desnoyers, Michelle B. Nadler, Ariadna Tibau, Eitan Amir
Summary: The study found that the median Fragility Index (FI) was 23 among all trials, and withdrawal of consent or lost to follow-up exceeded FI in 42% of studies. Comparative trials in solid tumors supporting approval through the accelerated pathway were found to be more fragile, likely due to a lower sample size in the experimental arm.
Article
Oncology
Natansh D. Modi, Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa, Ross A. McKinnon, Alan Boddy, Mark Haseloff, Michael D. Wiese, Tammy C. Hoffmann, Eric D. Perakslis, Andrew Rowland, Michael J. Sorich, Ashley M. Hopkins
Summary: The pharmaceutical industry is moving towards transparent sharing of clinical trial data, but a significant number of trials remain ineligible for data sharing. Data sharing rates have increased in the past years, but there is still room for improvement.
Article
Oncology
Jemma M. Boyle, Gemma Hegarty, Christopher Frampton, Elizabeth Harvey-Jones, Joanna Dodkins, Katharina Beyer, Gincy George, Richard Sullivan, Christopher Booth, Ajay Aggarwal
Summary: The study found that the quality of Real-World Data (RWD) studies for novel cancer drugs is generally low, with serious flaws that cannot effectively support reimbursement decisions and clinical practice. More investment in properly designed RWD studies is needed.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Kim A. Tran, Curtis Harrod, Dennis N. Bourdette, David M. Cohen, Atul A. Deodhar, Daniel M. Hartung
Summary: The clinical evidence supporting the use of repository corticotropin (corticotropin) has been found to be most significant for the treatment of infantile spasms and multiple sclerosis, but controversial for other conditions, and may lead to more adverse effects compared to corticosteroids.
JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)