Review
Immunology
Cassio Luiz Coutinho Almeida-da-Silva, Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio, Robson Coutinho-Silva, David M. Ojcius
Summary: The innate immune system in vertebrates and invertebrates relies on conserved receptors and ligands, and pathways to initiate a rapid response against microbial infections and other sources of stress and danger. Research on NOD-like receptors (NLRs) has advanced in the past two decades, providing insight into the ligands and conditions that activate NLRs, as well as the outcomes of NLR activation in cells and animals. NLRs play crucial roles in diverse functions, such as transcription of MHC molecules and initiation of inflammation, and their activation can be direct or indirect depending on the ligands involved. Future discoveries will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular details and physiological consequences of NLR activation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Michal Shahar, Auryan Szalat, Haim Rosen
Summary: Actin-based tunneling nanotubes are a form of intercellular communication linked to responses to environmental changes. While widely described in various cell types, their expression in vivo or in primary cells is limited, and their significance for health and disease remains largely unknown. This study on primary human peripheral monocytes reveals that certain stimuli induce a transient expression of actin-based tunneling nanotubes, suggesting a potential role in monocyte pathogen response and inflammation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Diana Talipova, Aiganym Smagulova, Dimitri Poddighe
Summary: This review discusses the potential role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immunopathogenesis of CD. Although evidence from basic research is limited, differences in TLR expression and activation have been observed between active CD patients and controls or treated CD patients in some clinical studies. Therefore, TLRs may be part of the non-HLA-related genetic factors implicated in CD pathogenesis, considering their potential role in the interaction between the host immune system and environmental factors.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Frederic Sorgeloos, Michael Peeters, Yohei Hayashi, Fabian Borghese, Nicolas Capelli, Melissa Drappier, Teresa Cesaro, Didier Colau, Vincent Stroobant, Didier Vertommen, Gregory de Bodt, Stephane Messe, Ignasi Forne, Felix Mueller-Planitz, Jean-Francois Collet, Thomas Michiels
Summary: Microbes have evolved to exploit cellular kinases called RSKs, which play a role in defending against pathogens. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Yersinia use a similar strategy to manipulate RSKs.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Kai Pohl, Ian A. Cockburn
Summary: Malaria causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually, but these deaths represent only a small fraction of total malaria cases. Immunity to the causative agent, Plasmodium, is incomplete, but immunization with attenuated parasites can provide complete immunity. The innate immune response plays a crucial role in different stages of the parasite lifecycle, balancing strong proinflammatory responses with regulatory mechanisms to protect the host from life-threatening cytokine storms.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tianqiao Song, You Zhang, Qi Zhang, Xiong Zhang, Danyu Shen, Junjie Yu, Mina Yu, Xiayan Pan, Huijuan Cao, Mingli Yong, Zhongqiang Qi, Yan Du, Rongsheng Zhang, Xiaole Yin, Junqing Qiao, Youzhou Liu, Wende Liu, Wenxian Sun, Zhengguang Zhang, Yuanchao Wang, Daolong Dou, Zhenchuan Ma, Yongfeng Liu
Summary: Pathogenic fungus Ustilaginoidea virens infects rice through panicles, with its SGP1 eliciting immune responses in rice leaves and contributing to virulence in panicles. The SNP22 peptide in SGP1 enhances rice immunity signaling and resistance against multiple fungal and bacterial pathogens.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Stephen A. Klotz, Nicole Bradley, Peter N. Lipke
Summary: The interactions between Candida and macrophages play a crucial role in the immune defense against disseminated and deep-seated candidiasis. This study reveals the significance of the interaction between serum amyloid P-component (SAP) and functional amyloids on Candida cells. Blocking the binding between SAP and macrophages enhances phagocytosis of yeast cells, while promoting amyloid formation on the yeast cell surface also increases phagocytosis by macrophages. Additionally, the use of miridesap, a small palindrome molecule, shows potential in boosting phagocytosis by preventing SAP binding to yeasts and removing bound SAP. These interventions have the potential to enhance the host immune response to disseminated candidiasis.
Article
Fisheries
Yusuf Jibril Habib, Haifu Wan, Yulong Sun, Jialong Shi, Chengjie Yao, Jiaming Lin, Hui Ge, Yilei Wang, Ziping Zhang
Summary: This study conducted a genome-wide study of Toll-like receptor genes in Pacific white shrimps for the first time, identifying 11 TLR genes. The majority of these genes were found to be ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and significantly upregulated at different time points after infection, suggesting their significant roles in the immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei.
Article
Immunology
Marie-Christine Bartens, Amanda J. Gibson, Graham J. Etherington, Federica Di Palma, Angela Holder, Dirk Werling, Sam Willcocks
Summary: TLR2 gene polymorphisms, particularly the H326Q SNP, significantly influence macrophage responses to mycobacterial antigens and lipopeptide ligands in cows. Differences in TLR2 responses between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle may contribute to their varying susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. The study also demonstrates the importance of TLR2 as a major pattern recognition receptor in the response to mycobacterial antigens in mammalian species.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Marie-Christine Bartens, Amanda J. Gibson, Graham J. Etherington, Federica Di Palma, Angela Holder, Dirk Werling, Sam Willcocks
Summary: Research suggests that there are differences in the response to mycobacterial antigens between Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cattle, potentially due to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TLR2 gene.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fengqian Chen, Lin Zou, Brittney Williams, Wei Chao
Summary: TLRs play an important role in host defense against pathogens, but targeting them for sepsis treatment has yielded mixed clinical trial results. Future sepsis treatments will need to consider the complexity of sepsis pathogenesis and the heterogeneity of septic patients for more effective interventions.
ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING
(2021)
Article
Immunology
James A. Carroll, Brent Race, Katie Williams, James F. Striebel, Bruce Chesebro
Summary: The study found that adult microglia exhibited higher reactivity to exposure to LPS or IMQ, but showed decreased expression of genes when exposed to CpG-ODN 1585. In vivo experiments indicated that microglial influences on neuroinflammation were specific to the agonist, with mice with reduced microglia showing more dysregulated responses to the TLR7 agonist IMQ.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Umeharu Ohto
Summary: Innate immunity is a crucial defense mechanism against microbial infections. Innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play significant roles in detecting invading pathogens and activating the immune response. Cellular components and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) can trigger inflammatory responses and activate the immune system. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) constitute a major family of intracellular PRRs and are involved in various diseases.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Julia Koerner, Dennis Horvath, Valerie L. Herrmann, Anna MacKerracher, Bruno Gander, Hideo Yagita, Jacques Rohayem, Marcus Groettrup
Summary: PLGA-based cancer immunotherapy incorporating antigens and TLR ligands has led to enhanced anti-tumor responses. The study explores the use of a defined dsRNA adjuvant, Riboxxim, and demonstrates its incorporation with PLGA immunotherapy in in vivo tumor models, resulting in enhanced induction of anti-tumor response.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Fisheries
Sudhir Kumar, Abhay Kumar Choubey, Praveen Kumar Srivastava
Summary: Immunostimulants play a crucial role in enhancing fish growth and disease resistance. Innate immunity is vital for the survival of fish in their early life stages, and later plays a guiding role in adapting acquired immune responses. By using immunostimulants, fish immune responses are enhanced, and gene expression levels are increased through different signaling pathways.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)