Journal
METABOLITES
Volume 9, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/metabo9070138
Keywords
H-1-NMR; urine; cytokines; metabolic syndrome; blueberries
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Funding
- Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research - Dipartimenti di Eccellenza [L. 232/2016]
- Sapienza University of Rome, Ateneo 2018 project [RG1181642723114C]
- Sapienza University of Rome, Ateneo 2015 project [C26A15FHES]
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A pilot study was carried out on five obese /overweight patients su ff ering from metabolic syndrome, with the aim to evaluate postprandial e ff ects of high fat /high glycemic load meals enriched by blueberries. Postprandial urine samples were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy after 2 and 4 h from ingestion to identify potential markers of blueberry intake. Significant decrease of methylamines, acetoacetate, acetone and succinate, known indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus, were observed after the intake of meals enriched with blueberries. On the other hand, an accumulation of p-hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid and 3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydropropionic acid originating from gut microbial dehydrogenation of proanthocyanidins and procyanidins was detected. Real-time PCR-analysis of mRNAs obtained from mononuclear blood cells showed significant changes in cytokine gene expression levels after meals integrated with blueberries. In particular, the mRNAs expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Transforming Growth Factor-fi (TGF-fi), pro and anti-inflammation cytokines, respectively, significantly decreased and increased after blueberry supplementation, indicating a positive impact of blueberry ingestion in the reduction of risk of inflammation. The combined analysis of the urine metabolome and clinical markers represents a promising approach in monitoring the metabolic impact of blueberries in persons with metabolic syndrome.
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