Urinary metabolites of the UV filter 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate as biomarkers of exposure in humans

The UV filter 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) is used in sunscreens and other personal care products worldwide and has been found in a variety of environmental media. We aimed to provide human toxicokinetic data on EHS as a tool for risk assessment. For that purpose, we investigated metabolism and urinary metabolite excretion after a single oral EHS dose (57.4-75.5 mu g/(kg body weight)) in three male volunteers. In a suspect screening, we tentatively identified seven EHS metabolites. Three EHS specific metabolites were quantitatively investigated: 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (5OH-EHS), 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (5oxo-EHS), and 5-(((2-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy)methyl)heptanoic acid (5cx-EPS). These metabolites were excreted with urinary excretion fractions of 0.28% (range: 0.13-0.54%), 0.11% (0.06-0.20%), and 0.24% (0.14-0.41%), respectively. The elimination was fast: peak urinary concentrations were found 1.6-2.6 h after dose and >= 95% of the total amounts were excreted within 24 h. Elimination kinetics were biphasic, with mean elimination half-lives of 0.8 h (first phase) and 6.6 h (second phase) for 5OH-EHS, 0.8 h and 6.3 h for 5oxo-EHS, and 1.1 h and 5.9 h for 5cx-EPS. After dermal exposure (sunscreen application), we found a considerably delayed EHS elimination. Based on urinary metabolite levels we calculated EHS exposure levels for a small pilot population.