Neuroinflammation in hypertension: the renin-angiotensin system versus pro-resolution pathways

Overstimulation of the pro-inflammatory pathways within brain areas responsible for sympathetic outflow is well evidenced as a primary contributing factor to the establishment and maintenance of neurogenic hypertension. However, the precise mechanisms and stimuli responsible for promoting a pro-inflammatory state are not fully elucidated. Recent work has unveiled novel compounds derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), termed specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which actively regulate the resolution of inflammation. Failure or dysregulation of the resolution process has been linked to a variety of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the pathologic role of neuroinflammation in the hypertensive state, SPMs and their associated pathways may provide a link between hypertension and the longstanding association of dietary omega-3 PUFAs with cardioprotection. Herein, we review recent progress in understanding the RAS-driven pathophysiology of neurogenic hypertension, particularly in regards to the chronic low-grade neuroinflammatory response. In addition, we examine the potential for an impaired resolution of inflammation process in the context of hypertension.