Journal
MOLECULES
Volume 24, Issue 13, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132465
Keywords
apoptosis; cytotoxicity; colorectal cancer; polyphenols; antioxidant activity; chemopreventive
Funding
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformations Centre for Functional Grains [IC140100027]
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformations Centre for Functional Grains scholarship through Charles Sturt University
- Australian Research Council [IC140100027] Funding Source: Australian Research Council
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Cereal phenolic extracts have previously been investigated for their potential anticancer properties; however, the exact mechanisms involved in the inhibition of tumour growth are unclear. One possible mechanism is the induction of apoptosis which is characterised by cell shrinkage, protein fragmentation, and DNA degradation followed by rapid engulfment of cell debris by macrophages. This study examines the ability of phenolic extracts from four cereals: rice, barley, oats and sorghum to induce apoptosis on colorectal cancer cells SW480. Wholegrain extracts from pigmented varieties of red rice, purple rice, black sorghum, and brown sorghum showed a significant reduction in cancer cell proliferation. Morphological observation using APOPercentage (TM) dye indicated positive for apoptosis. Further analyses of Yunlu29 (rice), Shawaya Short Black 1 and IS1136 (sorghum) showed expression of p53 and confirmed activation of multiple caspases, specifically for caspase 3 and 7. Purple rice, on the other hand, did not upregulate caspase 3 and 7, hence, suggestive of cell cycle arrest. Therefore, phenolic compounds present in cereals such as pigmented rice and sorghum may suppress cancer cell proliferation through the activation of the apoptosis.
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