Meltable Mixed-Linker Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and Their Microporous Glasses: From Melting Point Engineering to Selective Hydrocarbon Sorption

Porous glasses from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a new class of functional inorganic-organic materials, which have been proposed for applications ranging from solid electrolytes to radioactive waste storage. So far, just a few zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), a subset of MOFs, have been reported to melt and the structural and compositional requirements for MOF melting and glass formation are poorly understood. Here, we show how the melting point of the prototypical ZIF-4/ZIF-62(M) frameworks (composition M(im)(2-x)(bim)(x); M2+ = Co2+, Zn2+; im(-) = imidazolate; bim(-) = benzimidazolate) can be controlled systematically by adjusting the molar ratio of the two imidazolate-type linkers im(-) and bim(-). By covering the entire range from x = 0 to 0.35, we unveil a delicate transition from ZIF materials showing sequential amorphization/recrystallization to derivatives exhibiting coherent melting and a liquid phase that is stable over a large temperature window. The melting point of this ZIF system is a direct function of x and can be lowered from ca. 430 degrees C to only 370 degrees C, by far the lowest melting point reported for a three-dimensional porous MOF. On the basis of our results, we postulate compositional requirements for ZIF melting and glass formation, which may guide the search for other meltable ZIFs. Moreover, gas physisorption experiments establish that the ZIF glasses adsorb technologically relevant C-3 and C-4 hydrocarbons. Importantly, the adsorption kinetics are much faster for propylene compared to propane and are also dependent on the im(-) :bim(-) ratio, thus demonstrating the potential of these ZIF glasses for applications in gas separation.