Article
Energy & Fuels
Ramin Khodabandehlou, Dominik Kirschenmann, Ronny Schimpke, Andreas Richter, Massoud Massoudi Farid, Hamid Reza Norouzi, Stefan Guhl, Afsanehsadat Larimi, Navid Mostoufi
Summary: This study investigates ash agglomeration as a potential problem in fluidized bed gasifiers. The results show that the defluidization temperature for ash agglomeration increases with the gas velocity, but remains constant after a certain fluidization number.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Fangfang Wu, Yeju Han, Kunsen Lin, Chiou-Liang Lin, Jia-Hong Kuo
Summary: In the incineration process, agglomeration occurs due to the combustion of wastes with adhesion materials like alkalis and earth alkalis. Understanding the properties of sand bed materials is important for the defluidization process. This study analyzed the composition of sand and found that defluidization time decreases with increasing particle size. A model using Support Vector Regression was effective in predicting defluidization time.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xu Zhang, Jun Li, Zheng Zou, Huigang Zhang, Dong Yan, Zhan Du, Zhaohui Xie, Qingshan Zhu
Summary: We propose a novel force balance model to predict the defluidization phenomena of ilmenite particles in a fluidized bed reactor. The model is based on the cohesion forces of iron nuclei on the particle surface, which increase with the extent of reduction and eventually trigger defluidization. The predicted surface coverage of particles agrees well with experimental results.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Victor Purnomo, Duygu Yilmaz, Henrik Leion, Tobias Mattisson
Summary: This study investigated the defluidization phenomena of oxygen carriers under highly reducing conditions, finding that iron-based oxygen carriers were more prone to defluidization while manganese-based materials were less affected.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Elmeri Pienihakkinen, Christian Lindfors, Taina Ohra-aho, Juha Lehtonen, Tom Granstrom, Minna Yamamoto, Anja Oasmaa
Summary: This study investigated fast pyrolysis of hydrolysis lignin in fluidized bed units, identifying technical challenges related to lignin degradation rates, secondary reactions in the vapor phase, pressure buildup, and deposit formation. The carbohydrate content of hydrolysis lignin was found to impact processability, with lower carbohydrate content leading to more challenges such as clogging and bed agglomeration. Solutions such as adding a rotating mixer or feeding raw material in different sections of the reactor were proposed to overcome these challenges.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Francisco Regis Machado Nascimento, Aldemar Martinez Gonzalez, Electo Eduardo Silva Lora, Albert Ratner, Jose Carlos Escobar Palacio, Rafaela Reinaldo
Summary: Thermochemical conversion through gasification is an important technology for energy recovery from solid fuel, with higher conversion efficiency than combustion and pyrolysis. The most common technologies for this conversion involve fluidized bed or bubbling fluidized bed systems, operating at isothermal temperatures to promote chemical reactions and gas-solid contact. High gasification temperatures improve carbon conversion efficiency but may increase the risk of bed agglomeration, especially with alkali-rich biomasses.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhuo Liu, Jianbo Li, Xiaofei Long, Xiaofeng Lu
Summary: This paper characterizes the bed particles and agglomerates formed during Zhundong lignite combustion in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) to study the role of Na and ash-bed interaction in agglomeration. Experimental results show that discrete quartz particles are coated with submicron ash particles enriched in Ca and Mg. Na silicates are locally enriched between quartz particles and initiate agglomeration. The agglomeration is initiated at a relatively low melting-point of 950-1100 ? when Na silicates and coated ashes become soft or melt. When steel slag is used as the bed material, Na in bottom ash becomes negligible, and no ash coating layer is formed, mitigating agglomeration.
Article
Energy & Fuels
T. McCann, E. J. Marek, Yaoyao Zheng, J. F. Davidson
Summary: This study investigates the combustion of waste glycerol in a fluidised bed. The results show that continuous burning of industrial glycerol is possible, but agglomeration of bed material should be taken into consideration. Moreover, glycerol can be autonomously burned in a fluidised bed without supplying heat.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gary Reineccius, Shardul Patil, Vaidhyanathan Anantharamkrishnan
Summary: This research compares granulation to spray drying/agglomeration for producing flavoring particles. The study finds that granulation produces better properties, such as improved oxidation resistance, higher density, without the need for a two-step process.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Isik Sena Akgun, Can Erkey
Summary: The study characterized fluidization regimes for alginate aerogel particles in a Wurster fluidized bed, revealing minimum fluidization, bubbling, pneumatic, horizontal circular motion, and circulatory particle motion regimes. Factors such as particle size, batch volume, tube size, plate geometry, and gap height were found to influence the boundaries of each fluidization regime.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yoshiro Adachi, Masayuki Horio
Summary: The study found that using coarse spherical alumina particles as the bed material in a fluidized bed can effectively prevent defluidization during the calcination process and somewhat impact the magnetic properties. Adjusting the Fe/Sr ratio in RM was effective in eliminating unreacted Fe2O3 residues.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Saurabh Gupta, Santanu De
Summary: This study investigates the gasification of low-grade, sub-bituminous coal in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The effects of equivalence ratio and steam/coal ratio on the composition of the syngas, carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency, and agglomeration behavior are studied.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jonathan D. Morris, Syed Sheraz Daood, William Nimmo
Summary: This study tested dolomite and kaolin as additives for agglomeration mitigation with agricultural biomasses. The results showed that dolomite prevented bed defluidization with miscanthus, while kaolin had no improvement with wheat straw. SEM/EDX analysis revealed evidence of chemical reaction between the additives and fuels.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Eric Otto, Robert Duerr, Gerd Strenzke, Stefan Palis, Andreas Bueck, Evangelos Tsotsas, Achim Kienle
Summary: Fluidized bed spray agglomeration is a significant industrial particle formation process, and mathematical process modeling plays a crucial role in analyzing mechanistic processes, intensification, and control. This study focuses on the influence of seven operational parameters on particle size distribution and introduces a general method for obtaining a quantitative formulation of the dependency between agglomeration rate and process conditions.
ADVANCED POWDER TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
T. Leffler, M. Eriksson, B. Leckner, F. Lind, F. Winquist, P. Knutsson
Summary: The thermal conversion of biomass fuel mixes in fluidized beds can cause agglomeration. To counteract agglomeration, bed material is gradually exchanged with virgin bed material, and this results in increased disposal of used bed material. Furthermore, the bed material exchange represents a costly option, as it involves a cost for virgin bed material, for landfill, and for unplanned downtime of the plant. This paper presents a novel method for the evaluation of bed material quality: the electronic tongue (ET). Evaluation of bed material quality can contribute toward decreasing the cost of unnecessary exchanges of bed material. The proposed method was tested on bed material sampled on an almost daily basis from a commercial fluidized bed boiler during several months of operation. A two-electrode ET was used for the evaluation of the bed material quality. The analysis relied on pulsed voltammetry measurements and multivariate data analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results suggest that it is possible to follow bed material changes and that the ET, after further development, may be used to optimize the material flows connected to the bed material. Further research is being conducted to optimize the ET's performance and its application in monitoring bed material.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Iida Pankka, Justin Salminen, Pekka Taskinen, Daniel Lindberg
Summary: Millions of tons of iron residue are generated annually as a by-product of zinc production. This residue contains recoverable metals that can be valorized through further processing. Pyrometallurgical processing allows for the recovery of valuable metals while producing a clean slag.
Article
Thermodynamics
Roland Balint, Markus Engblom, Jonne Niemi, Daniel Lindberg, Timo Saarinen, Jaakko Rautala, Mikko Hupa, Leena Hupa
Summary: By analyzing superheater ash deposits from a kraft recovery boiler, the effects of two deposit ageing mechanisms were identified. Local differences in deposit morphology and chemical composition were observed under the electron microscope. The diffusion of alkali chloride vapours towards the steel due to temperature gradient was evident. The presented results provide a better understanding of intradepositional changes and help assess risks of deposit-related operational problems in the boiler.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Roland Balint, Markus Engblom, Emil Vainio, Tor Lauren, Jonne Niemi, Jaakko Rautala, Timo Saarinen, Mikko Hupa, Leena Hupa
Summary: Deposit samples of different exposure times were collected from a Finnish kraft recovery boiler. Analyzing the morphology and chemical composition of the deposits revealed differences due to varying deposition mechanisms. Increasing exposure time led to enrichment in Cl content, which occurred through diffusion of Cl-vapours from the flue gas. Two aging mechanisms were identified within the deposits, involving alkali chloride layers and sulfation. Analysis of melting temperature showed a higher risk of corrosion in the Cl and K-rich layer adjacent to the steel surface.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Adrian Stiller, Markus Engblom, Oskar Karlstrom, Mika Linden, Leena Hupa
Summary: Bioactive glasses are effective grafting materials for bone tissue repair, but predicting their degradation behavior in vivo remains challenging. This study investigates the effect of flow rate on the dissolution behavior of bioactive glass S53P4. The findings demonstrate that flow rate significantly affects the glass dissolution rate, ion release, and reaction layer development, emphasizing the importance of dynamic dissolution tests.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Saara Sirkia, Syeda Qudsia, Minna Siekkinen, Wolfgang Hoepfl, Tanja Budde, Jan-Henrik Smatt, Jouko Peltonen, Leena Hupa, Terhi J. Heino, Pekka K. Vallittu
Summary: This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical and biological properties of functionalized calcium carbonate (FCC) consisting of calcium carbonate particles with a hydroxyapatite layer. The results showed that FCC could adsorb calcium ions from the surrounding liquid, which should be carefully considered in cell culture assays.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Minna Siekkinen, Oskar Karlstrom, Leena Hupa
Summary: This study expands the understanding of bioactive glass S53P4 dissolution by implementing a cascade reactor, and reveals the influence of released ions and decreased available hydrogen ions for ion exchange on the dissolution behavior.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Emil Vainio, Patrik Yrjas, Leena Hupa, Mikko Hupa
Summary: Optimizing energy recovery and efficient use of energy in flue gases is crucial for power plant economy. NH4Cl is highly corrosive on carbon steel and its corrosion is influenced by water vapor concentration, relative humidity, and temperature. Studying the hygroscopic and corrosive properties of NH4Cl can help prevent NH4Cl deposit build-up and corrosion.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Elisa Hupa, Emil Vainio, Patrik Yrjas, Markus Engblom, Mikko Hupa
Summary: In biomass combustion, the presence of alkali chlorides lowers the ash deposit melting temperature and can cause aggressive corrosion of superheater materials. This study investigated the impact of different percentages of molten phase on the corrosion of two stainless steel qualities (AISI 347 and 310) and found significant differences in corrosion tendencies depending on the molten phase percentage.
Article
Energy & Fuels
J. -e. Eriksson, J. Lehmusto, M. Dirbeba, L. Silvander, D. Lindberg, L. Hupa
Summary: The study investigated the impact of small alkali halide additions on the melting behavior and corrosivity of a synthetic sulfate deposit at temperatures of 500, 550, and 600 degrees C. Three different alloyed commercial heat-transfer materials were studied. It was found that even small amounts of reactive alkali halides significantly changed the corrosion and melting behavior of the mixture.
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Peter Uppstu, Simon Engblom, Saara Inkinen, Leena Hupa, Carl-Eric Wilen
Summary: The mechanical properties of polylactide stereocomplexes (PLA SC) have been studied through tensile testing, with inconsistent results. The compressive properties of PLA SC compared to homocrystalline or amorphous PLA remain poorly understood. This study investigates the mechanical and degradation properties of coated glass scaffolds with different types of PLA coatings before and after immersion in simulated body fluid.
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Sara Benalia, Fiseha Tesfaye, Daniel Lindberg, Leena Hupa, Patrice Chartrand, Christian Robelin
Summary: A thermodynamic model has been developed for a mixed-phase salt system (including elements such as NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, Na2S2O7, Na2CrO4, Na2Cr2O7, Na2MoO4, Na2Mo2O7, Na2O, KCl, K2CO3, K2SO4, K2S2O7, K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, K2MoO4, K2Mo2O7, and K2O) commonly involved in energy production. This model accurately predicts the properties and phase equilibria of solid deposits formed in steel and stainless steel installations containing alloying elements such as Ni, Cr, Mo, W, and V.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Roland Balint, Markus Engblom, Jonne Niemi, Mikko Hupa, Leena Hupa
Summary: This study investigates the initial melting behavior of synthetic ash deposits and how it affects the final deposit morphology. The results show that the amount of melt formed during the experiment plays a crucial role in determining the deposit morphology. Two types of deposit morphologies, skeletal and molten, were identified, and their aging behaviors were found to differ. The findings provide important insights into the connection between deposit morphology and deposit aging.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sara Benalia, Fiseha Tesfaye, Daniel Lindberg, David Sibarani, Leena Hupa, Patrice Chartrand, Christian Robelin
Summary: This paper evaluates crystallographic data and thermodynamic properties of various salts and provides a foundation for further research on high temperature corrosion.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Polina Sinitsyna, Markus Engblom, Leena Hupa
Summary: The impact of substituting K2O for Na2O on the physico-chemical and bioactive properties of bioactive glass S53P4 was studied. It was found that the substitution showed a mixed-alkali effect, with the optimal composition containing around 20% K2O. The thermal properties and ion release kinetics varied with the potassium content, providing insights for tailoring new bioactive glass compositions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yingna Du, Chen Huang, Wei Jiang, Qiangwei Yan, Yongfei Li, Gang Chen
Summary: In this study, anionic surfactants modified hydrotalcite was used as a flow improver for crude oil under low-temperature conditions. The modified hydrotalcite showed a significant viscosity reduction effect on crude oil. The mechanism of the modified hydrotalcite on viscosity and pour point of crude oil was explored through characterization and analysis of the modified hydrotalcite and oil samples.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mohammad Saeid Rostami, Mohammad Mehdi Khodaei
Summary: In this study, a hybrid structure, MIL-53(Al)@MWCNT, was synthesized by combining MIL-53(Al) particles and -COOH functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The hybrid structure was then embedded in a polyethersulfone (PES) polymer matrix to prepare a mixed matrix membrane (MMM) for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation. The addition of MWCNTs prevented MIL-53(Al) aggregation, improved membrane mechanical properties, and enhanced gas separation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yunlong Li, Desheng Huang, Xiaomeng Dong, Daoyong Yang
Summary: This study develops theoretical and experimental techniques to determine the phase behavior and physical properties of DME/flue gas/water/heavy oil systems. Eight constant composition expansion (CCE) tests are conducted to obtain new experimental data. A thermodynamic model is used to accurately predict saturation pressure and swelling factors, as well as the phase boundaries of N2/heavy oil systems and DME/CO2/heavy oil systems, with high accuracy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Morteza Afkhamipour, Ebad Seifi, Arash Esmaeili, Mohammad Shamsi, Tohid N. Borhani
Summary: Non-conventional amines are being researched worldwide to overcome the limitations of traditional amines like MEA and MDEA. Adequate process and thermodynamic models are crucial for understanding the applicability and performance of these amines in CO2 absorption, but studies on process modeling for these amines are limited. This study used rate-based modeling and Deshmukh-Mather method to model CO2 absorption by DETA solution in a packed column, validated the model with experimental data, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of mass transfer correlations. The study also compared the CO2 absorption efficiency of DETA solution with an ionic solvent [bmim]-[PF6] and highlighted the importance of finding optimum operational parameters for maximum absorption efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arastoo Abdi, Mohamad Awarke, M. Reza Malayeri, Masoud Riazi
Summary: The utilization of smart water in EOR operations has gained attention, but more research is needed to understand the complex mechanisms involved. This study investigated the interfacial tension between smart water and crude oil, considering factors such as salt, pH, asphaltene type, and aged smart water. The results revealed that the hydration of ions in smart water plays a key role in its efficacy, with acidic and basic asphaltene acting as intrinsic surfactants. The pH also influenced the interfacial tension, and the aged smart water's interaction with crude oil depended on asphaltene type, salt, and salinity.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dongao Zhu, Kun Zhu, Lixian Xu, Haiyan Huang, Jing He, Wenshuai Zhu, Huaming Li, Wei Jiang
Summary: In this study, cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (Co-based MOFs) were used as supports and co-catalysts to confine the NHPI catalyst, solving the leaching issue. The NHPI@Co-MOF with carboxyl groups exhibited stronger acidity and facilitated the generation of active oxygen radicals O2•, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity. This research provides valuable insights into the selection of suitable organic linkers and broadens the research horizon of MOF hybrids in efficient oxidative desulfurization (ODS) applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Edwin G. Hoyos, Gloria Amo-Duodu, U. Gulsum Kiral, Laura Vargas-Estrada, Raquel Lebrero, Rail Munoz
Summary: This study investigated the impact of carbon-coated zero-valent nanoparticle concentration on photosynthetic biogas upgrading. The addition of nanoparticles significantly increased microalgae productivity and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation. The presence of nanoparticles also improved the quality of biomethane produced.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yao Xiao, Asma Leghari, Linfeng Liu, Fangchao Yu, Ming Gao, Lu Ding, Yu Yang, Xueli Chen, Xiaoyu Yan, Fuchen Wang
Summary: Iron is added as a flocculant in wastewater treatment and the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sludge produces wastewater containing Fe. This study investigates the effect of aqueous phase (AP) recycling on hydrochar properties, iron evolution and environmental assessment during HTC of sludge. The results show that AP recycling process improves the dewatering performance of hydrochar and facilitates the recovery of Fe from the liquid phase.
Article
Energy & Fuels
He Liang, Tao Wang, Zhenmin Luo, Jianliang Yu, Weizhai Yi, Fangming Cheng, Jingyu Zhao, Xingqing Yan, Jun Deng, Jihao Shi
Summary: This study investigated the influence of inhibitors (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and heptafluoropropane) on the lower flammability limit of hydrogen and determined the critical inhibitory concentration needed for complete suppression. The impact of inhibitors on explosive characteristics was evaluated, and the inhibitory mechanism was analyzed with chemical kinetics. The results showed that with the increase of inhibitor quantity, the lower flammability limit of hydrogen also increased. The research findings can contribute to the safe utilization of hydrogen energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zonghui Liu, Zhongze Zhang, Yali Zhou, Ziling Wang, Mingyang Du, Zhe Wen, Bing Yan, Qingxiang Ma, Na Liu, Bing Xue
Summary: In this study, high-performance solid catalysts based on phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Zr-SBA-15 were synthesized and evaluated for the one-pot conversion of furfural (FUR) to γ-valerolactone (GVL). The catalysts were characterized using various techniques, and the ratio of HPW and Zr was found to significantly affect the selectivity of GVL. The HPW/Zr-SBA-15 (2-4-15) catalyst exhibited the highest GVL yield (83%) under optimized reaction conditions, and it was determined that a balance between Bronsted acid sites (BAS) and Lewis acid sites (LAS) was crucial for achieving higher catalytic performance. The reaction parameters and catalyst stability were also investigated.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Michael Stoehr, Stephan Ruoff, Bastian Rauch, Wolfgang Meier, Patrick Le Clercq
Summary: As part of the global energy transition, an experimental study was conducted to understand the effects of different fuel properties on droplet vaporization for various conventional and alternative fuels. The study utilized a flow channel to measure the evolution of droplet diameters over time and distance. The results revealed the temperature-dependent effects of physical properties, such as boiling point, liquid density, and enthalpy of vaporization, and showed the complex interactions of preferential vaporization and temperature-dependent influences of physical properties for multi-component fuels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuan Zhuang, Ruikang Wu, Xinyan Wang, Rui Zhai, Changyong Gao
Summary: Through experimental validation and optimization of the chemical kinetic model, it was found that methanol can accelerate the oxidation reaction of ammonia, and methanol can be rapidly oxidized at high concentration. HO2 was found to generate a significant amount of OH radicals, facilitating the oxidation of methanol and ammonia. Rating: 7.5/10.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Radwan M. EL-Zohairy, Ahmed S. Attia, A. S. Huzayyin, Ahmed I. EL-Seesy
Summary: This paper presents a lab-scale experimental study on the impact of diethyl ether (DEE) as an additive to waste cooking oil biodiesel with Jet A-1 on combustion and emission features of a swirl-stabilized premixed flame. The addition of DEE to biodiesel significantly affects the flame temperature distribution and emissions. The W20D20 blend of DEE, biodiesel, and Jet A-1 shows similar flame temperature distribution to Jet A-1 and significantly reduces UHC, CO, and NOx emissions compared to Jet A-1.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jiang Bian, Ziyuan Zhao, Yang Liu, Ran Cheng, Xuerui Zang, Xuewen Cao
Summary: This study presents a novel method for ammonia separation using supersonic flow and develops a mathematical model to investigate the condensation phenomenon. The results demonstrate that the L-P nucleation model accurately characterizes the nucleation process of ammonia at low temperatures. Numerical simulations also show that increasing pressure and concentration can enhance ammonia condensation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shiyuan Pan, Xiaodan Shi, Beibei Dong, Jan Skvaril, Haoran Zhang, Yongtu Liang, Hailong Li
Summary: Integrating CO2 capture with biomass-fired combined heat and power (bio-CHP) plants is a promising method for achieving negative emissions. This study develops a reliable data-driven model based on the Transformer architecture to predict the flowrate and CO2 concentration of flue gas in real time. The model validation shows high prediction accuracy, and the potential impact of meteorological parameters on model accuracy is assessed. The results demonstrate that the Transformer model outperforms other models and using near-infrared spectral data as input features improves the prediction accuracy.