Article
Polymer Science
Langheng Pan, Tao Zhan, Yue Zhang, Junyu Li, Yifan Wu, Zhicai He, Ping Cai, Chunhui Duan, Fei Huang, Yong Cao
Summary: This study reports wide bandgap polymers based on 5,6-difluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (ffBX) for non-fullerene organic solar cells. The solubility, solid state packing, and bulk-heterojunction morphology of the polymers are finely tuned through side chain engineering. Encouragingly, a decent efficiency of 14.25% is achieved with the polymer Oc25 blended with the non-fullerene acceptor Y6.
MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Ibrahim Oladayo Raji, Shuguang Wen, Yonghai Li, Da Huang, Xiaoyan Shi, Aziz Saparbaev, Chuantao Gu, Chunming Yang, Xichang Bao
Summary: Alkylthio groups can modulate the energy levels and molecular packing of organic semiconductors, which is important for designing materials for organic solar cells. Introducing alkylthio side chains into donor or acceptor units can lead to materials with different energy levels, optimizing performance in organic solar cells.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Xin Jing, Feng Hou, Quanliang Wang, Yong Zhao, Xiaojie Liu, Feng Li, Xiangkun Wang, Liangmin Yu, Mingliang Sun
Summary: Recent evolution of non-fullerene acceptors has led to significant progress in organic solar cells. In this study, a series of BDT-based donors were developed, with the copolymerized polymers showing excellent power conversion efficiency. The varying side chain structures resulted in slightly red-shifted absorption and down-shifted HOMO levels, with devices based on 3TCO-Th-Cl demonstrating the best performance.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jinming Chen, Dongyan Li, Mingbin Su, Yonghong Xiao, Hui Chen, Man Lin, Xiaolan Qiao, Li Dang, Xiao-Chun Huang, Feng He, Qinghe Wu
Summary: In this study, a multifluorinated unit 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoronaphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithio-phene (FNT) and its polymers PFNT-F and PFNT-Cl were reported. The advantages of multifluorination include low-lying HOMO and wide band gap, high film crystallinity and efficient hole transport, as well as well-defined nanofibrous morphology and face-on orientation in blend films. The PFNT-F/Cl:N3 based OSCs achieved impressive FF values of 0.80 and remarkable PCEs of 17.53% and 18.10%, making them the best donor materials in OSCs. This work provides new insights into the rational design of high-performance polymers through the multifluorination strategy.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jiawei Deng, Bin Huang, Wenhao Li, Lifu Zhang, Sang Young Jeong, Shaorong Huang, Shijing Zhang, Feiyan Wu, Xiaoli Xu, Guifu Zou, Han Young Woo, Yiwang Chen, Lie Chen
Summary: In this study, the performance of non-fullerene organic solar cells was enhanced by introducing a cheap ferroelectric polymer as an additive. The built-in electric field was boosted by the additional and permanent electrical field generated by the polarization of the ferroelectric dipoles. This led to improved exciton separation, accelerated charge transport, reduced charge recombination, and optimized film morphology in the devices, resulting in significantly improved efficiency.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Ka Yeon Ryu, Juhwan Lee, Taesuk Jun, Daeyeon Lee, BongSoo Kim, Du Yeol Ryu, Kyungkon Kim
Summary: In order to commercialize organic solar cells (OSCs), it is important to address the degradation caused by changes in the morphology of the photoactive layer. This study improves OSC stability by using a cross-linking additive and a sequential deposition process, which enhances polymer crystallinity and immobilizes the crystalline morphology of the photoactive layer.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Baitian He, Yulin Chen, Jinglong Chen, Songxi Chen, Manjun Xiao, Guiting Chen, Chuanbo Dai
Summary: This study focuses on the design and synthesis of two novel wide-bandgap polymer donors, PBDT and PBDT-S, which exhibit similar photovoltaic performance and optical properties and good compatibility with the narrow-bandgap acceptor Y6. NF-PSCs based on PBDT:Y6 show an impressive power conversion efficiency, while NF-PSCs based on PBDT-S:Y6 demonstrate moderate efficiency.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Dukhan Kim, Emily A. Mueller, Da Seul Yang, Danielle E. Fagnani, Jinsang Kim, Anne J. McNeil
Summary: This study demonstrates that a single copolymer containing a conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene) backbone and fullerene-functionalized side chains can serve as a general blend stabilizer, suppressing phase separation in multiple conjugated polymer/fullerene thin film blends as well as in a photovoltaic device.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Haiying Jiang, Guoming Qin, Lianjie Zhang, Feilong Pan, Zhuhao Wu, Qian Wang, Guanzhao Wen, Wei Zhang, Yong Cao, Junwu Chen
Summary: This study synthesized three dithienobenzoxadiazole-based wide bandgap polymers to investigate the relationship between their backbone structure and photovoltaic performance. By processing with non-halogenated solvents, different power conversion efficiencies were obtained, with PBOffDT showing the highest efficiency due to its deep HOMO level and ordered crystallinity.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sora Oh, Taek Ahn, Sang Kyu Lee
Summary: Alkoxy substitution has a significant impact on the optoelectronic properties of WBG polymers in NFA-PSCs, leading to a significant improvement in the power conversion efficiency.
MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jiangsheng Yu, Xin Liu, Hongtao Wang, Po-Chen Lin, Chu-Chen Chueh, Rihong Zhu, Weihua Tang
Summary: By utilizing the temperature-dependent aggregative polymer PBDT-DTBTO in combination with the non-fullerene acceptor INPIC-4F, the efficiency of thick film organic solar cells has been significantly improved by optimizing the processing solvent and thermal annealing conditions. The unique bicontinuous morphology and face-on orientation of the PBDT-DTBTO/INPIC-4F blend, achieved through the use of chloroform as the processing solvent and proper thermal annealing, lead to enhanced charge transport and reduced charge recombination, resulting in high power conversion efficiencies.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Zesheng Zhang, Feilong Pan, Mei Luo, Dong Yuan, Haizhen Liu, Qin Liu, Zhuhao Wu, Lianjie Zhang, Junwu Chen
Summary: In this work, a WBG polymer donor PDTfBT-4T based on DTfBT and 4T was synthesized for non-fullerene PSCs. The active layer of PDTfBT-4T:Y14 showed high efficiency with an open-circuit voltage of 0.83 V, a short-circuit current density of 25.42 mA cm-2, and a fill factor of 72.0%, resulting in a PCE of 15.19%. These results suggest promising application of DTfBT for efficient NFA based PSCs.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Haijun Bin, Tom P. A. Van der Po, Junyu Li, Bas T. van Gorkom, Martijn M. Wienk, Rene A. J. Janssen
Summary: Efficient organic solar cells based on a blend of PBDS-T and BTP-eC9 as the active layer materials are reported. The optimized device shows high open-circuit voltage, low photon-energy loss, and high internal quantum efficiency, leading to a power conversion efficiency of 16.4%. PBDS-T is a promising donor polymer due to its good solubility, wide optical bandgap, and high molecular weight synthesis capability. By annealing the as-cast films in solvent vapor, the device performance is significantly improved.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hongneng Li, Wenyan Yang, Wei Wang, Yao Wu, Tao Wang, Jie Min
Summary: This study developed two wide-bandgap conjugated polymers with different side chains for non-fullerene polymer solar cells, demonstrating the promising electron deficient moiety of carbonyl groups. Adjusting the length of side chains is a feasible strategy to further improve the performance of polymer solar cells.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dan He, Fuwen Zhao, Chunru Wang, Yuze Lin
Summary: This review summarizes the recent studies and achievements on the non-radiative recombination energy loss (Delta E-3) in non-fullerene acceptor-based organic solar cells (OSCs). By exploring material design, morphology manipulation, ternary strategy, mechanism, and theoretical study, it is hoped to further reduce energy loss and enhance the power conversion efficiency.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Guangcong Zhang, Qiaomei Chen, Zhou Zhang, Jie Fang, Chaowei Zhao, Yen Wei, Weiwei Li
Summary: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been widely used as a hole transporting layer (HTL) in organic solar cells (OSCs), but its acidity reduces device stability. A new cobalt-lanthanum (Co-La) inorganic system was developed as a HTL with a high conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.82%, one of the top PCEs in binary OSCs. The Co-La system enhances work function and conductivity compared to Co or La-based HTLs, making it a promising replacement for PEDOT:PSS in OSCs.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zhou Zhang, Chaowei Zhao, Yuefeng Zhang, Yingzi Han, Ziwei Zhang, Jie Fang, Dongdong Xia, Shengyong You, Qiaomei Chen, Weiwei Li
Summary: The hierarchical surface reactivity of a Ti-oxo cluster (TOC) supported by multiple surface ligands has been studied, and a series of aromatics substituted TOC-Ars with identical core have been produced. These TOC-Ars can be processed into smooth films with optimized semiconducting properties, resulting in high power conversion efficiencies in organic solar cells. The unique electron doping behavior and strong interaction with the polymer donor make TOC-Ph a promising candidate for efficient charge transport in OSCs.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yupu Wang, Qiaomei Chen, Guangcong Zhang, Yongmei Wang, Zhou Zhang, Jie Fang, Chaowei Zhao, Weiwei Li
Summary: A high-performance polyimide/ZnO composite was prepared by introducing ZnO nanocrystals into a polyimide with hydrogen bondings and carboxyl groups. The composite showed outstanding solvent-resistant, mechanical, thermal, and UV filtering properties. An ultraflexible organic solar cell constructed with this composite exhibited high power conversion efficiency, mechanical stability, and UV light stability.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ruonan Li, Chao Wang, Chengyi Xiao, Baiqiao Liu, Shijie Liang, Yuhao Li, Yaobin Lu, Yining Sun, Yunhua Xu, Weiwei Li
Summary: The innovation of polymer acceptors through the polymerized small molecular acceptors (PSMAs) strategy has led to significant developments in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). This study focuses on the synthesis of non-fused PSMAs that have a thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) core, with planar configuration, simplified synthesis, and near-infrared absorption. The results show that TPD-based PSMAs have high efficiency in all-PSCs, with the regioregular polymer achieving the highest performance due to efficient exciton separation and charge transport.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chengcheng Xie, Baiqiao Liu, Chengyi Xiao, Xin Liu, Ying Liu, Ziqi Cai, Yaowen Li, Guanghao Lu, Weiwei Li
Summary: Flexibility and large-area feasibility are important for the development of organic solar cells (OSCs) for industrialization. However, the efficiency and reproducibility of small-area and large-area OSC devices are hindered by the different viscosities of the donor and acceptor. Double-cable polymers can effectively address these issues by acting as a single photoactive layer in OSCs.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ziwei Zhang, Dongdong Xia, Qian Xie, Chaowei Zhao, Jie Fang, Yonggang Wu, Weiwei Li
Summary: By synthesizing a small molecular cathode interlayer (CIL) named PBI-TEMPO, which combines stable radical TEMPO as end groups and PBI as the core, it is found that PBI-TEMPO can form a smooth film, has a low unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, and can reduce the work function of the silver electrode. When used in non-fullerene organic solar cells (OSCs), PBI-TEMPO shows higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) compared to the commercial PDINO CIL. Further analysis reveals that PBI-TEMPO facilitates efficient exciton dissociation and reduces charge recombination, resulting in enhanced current density and fill factor in the OSCs.
CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN CHINESE UNIVERSITIES
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Xiaoqing Liu, Shijie Liang, Wen Liang Tan, Christopher R. Mcneill, Chengyi Xiao, Chao Wang, Weiwei Li
Summary: In this study, the researchers demonstrated the crucial role of end groups in governing the film morphology and charge transport properties in single-component organic solar cells. By manipulating the degree of fluorination on the end group, they successfully improved the optical and electronic characteristics of the materials and achieved high power conversion efficiency in SCOSCs.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jie Fang, Ziwei Zhang, Zhou Zhang, Yingzi Han, Dongdong Xia, Chaowei Zhao, Yuefeng Zhang, Lingling Wang, Chengyi Xiao, Shengyong You, Yonggang Wu, Weiwei Li
Summary: In this work, a PBI-based electrolyte PDIN-TEMPO was synthesized and used as a CIL in OSCs. The new CIL showed excellent performance in OSCs, with high PCEs and FFs, as well as stability and generality in different OSC configurations. The integration of PBI and TEMPO units into one material was crucial for its superior performance, as confirmed by its high conductivity and thickness-insensitive electron mobilities in OSCs.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2023)
Correction
Polymer Science
Chao Wang, Jie Fang, Chong Guan, Zhijie Hu, Ting Wu, Chengyi Xiao, Weiwei Li
Correction
Polymer Science
Wang Chao, Fang Jie, Guan Chong, Hu Zhijie, Wu Ting, Xiao Chengyi, Li Weiwei
Summary: This study investigates the effects of alkyl chains modification on benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polymers on the photovoltaic performance of non-fullerene organic solar cells.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ying Liu, Chengcheng Xie, Wenbin Lai, Zhonggao Bu, Guangcong Zhang, Chengyi Xiao, Weiwei Li
Summary: This study presents a novel approach using composite inks based on silver nanowires to fabricate stretchable transparent electrodes(STEs). The STEs demonstrate low sheet resistance, facilitated surface roughness, strong adhesive strength, high transparency, remarkable stretchability, and exceptional thermal stability. Flexible organic solar cells employing this composite STE achieve outstanding performance.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Guangcong Zhang, Qiaomei Chen, Zhou Zhang, Zihao Gao, Chengyi Xiao, Yen Wei, Weiwei Li
Summary: In this study, the work function of nickel oxide nanoparticles is optimized through rare earth doping, enhancing charge injection efficiency and achieving high power conversion efficiency in organic solar cells. Furthermore, the introduction of a reductant further improves the performance, surpassing devices based on PEDOT:PSS. When employed in a ternary blend system, the nickel oxide nanoparticles exhibit top-performing performance among solution-processed inorganic nanoparticles in reported organic solar cells.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xucong Liu, Zhou Zhang, Chao Wang, Cuifen Zhang, Shijie Liang, Haisheng Fang, Bo Wang, Zheng Tang, Chengyi Xiao, Weiwei Li
Summary: A novel pyrene-fused dimerized acceptor has been synthesized, featuring a distinctive butterfly-like structure. It seamlessly integrates into ternary organic solar cells and significantly enhances efficiency and stability, thanks to its extended pi-conjugated backbone, low solubility, high glass transition temperature, and low-lying frontier energy levels.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bo Wang, Wenbin Lai, Shijie Liang, Yikun Wang, Chao Wang, Chengyi Xiao, Weiwei Li
Summary: This study investigates the feasibility of using non-fused electron acceptors in all-polymer solar cells for indoor applications. Different polymers were designed and synthesized with modified linker units, and the impact of these linkers on various properties was explored. The results suggest that optimum phase separation and charge mobilities can lead to high power conversion efficiency in these all-polymer solar cells.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dongdong Xia, Shengxi Zhou, Wen Liang Tan, Safakath Karuthedath, Chengyi Xiao, Chaowei Zhao, Frederic Laquai, Christopher R. McNeill, Weiwei Li
Summary: In this work, the preferential end-on orientation was obtained for the first time in a conjugated molecular dyad. The molecular orientation was shifted by introducing a fused-ring structure, resulting in higher charge carrier mobilities and better power conversion efficiency in organic solar cells.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Leping Chen, Yanfen Wang, Tingyu Shi, Tiantian Ma, Yang Li, Huayu Qiu, Shouchun Yin, Meier Gu
Summary: This study successfully overcame the limitations of the heavy atom effect by introducing iodine atoms and innovatively enhancing the structure while weakening stacking behavior, achieving high efficiency and precision in photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Bingpeng Guo, Honghan Sa, Peng Zhang, Guiwen Hao, Mengyu Li, Qingqing Jiang, Baoying Li, Wei Shu, Changxiang Shao
Summary: The design of ratiometric fluorescence probes with large Stokes shift is of great significance in detecting and imaging target substances in complex organisms. In this study, a novel fluorophore with a large Stokes shift was easily obtained, and a fluorescence probe based on it demonstrated rapid response, high selectivity, and sensitivity towards peroxynitrite. The probe also showed excellent biocompatibility and remarkable mitochondrial targeting ability, making it suitable for proportional imaging of peroxynitrite in living cells and zebrafish.
Review
Chemistry, Applied
Haidong Huang, Xiaohui Wang, Xinyang Li, Yichen Li, Guojin Liu, Lan Zhou, Jianzhong Shao
Summary: This article introduces the application of responsive photonic crystals in anti-counterfeiting technology, with a focus on the preparation principle, classification, and preparation methods.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yunpeng Wang, Tao Zhao, Xiaoye Bi, Chencheng Lv
Summary: In this study, three novel carbene dyes were designed to achieve environmentally friendly dyeing processes. The dyes formed covalent bonds with fibers and exhibited good dyeing performance and high color fastness. These findings highlight the potential of the novel carbene dyes in promoting green production in the textile industry.
Review
Chemistry, Applied
Yizhe Yan, Xiaopei Zhu, Jia-Xin Cao, Yuan He, Shaoqing Li, Jian-Yong Wang
Summary: In this paper, 1,3,5-triazine dyes were successfully synthesized and their photophysical properties were studied. Two probes were selected for further investigation, showing promising applications in various fields.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Xin Hu, Tongsheng Huang, Lihua Chen, Weifeng Zhu, Fengjie Deng, Xiancai Li, Jianwen Tian, Meiying Liu, Xiaoyong Zhang, Yen Wei
Summary: This study presents the synthesis of fluorescent cyclomatrix polyphosphazene spheres with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature and biodegradable potential for controlled drug delivery. The resulting micelles exhibit high water dispersibility, desirable fluorescence performance, and high drug loading capacity. They can effectively release the encapsulated drug in physiological solution and show excellent biological imaging ability and cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yanzhu Liu, Yanghui Lei, Dongyan Li, Guangkui Li, Dongping Li, Yongxiu Li
Summary: In this study, luminescent lanthanide nanoparticles were synthesized as a dual emission turn-off probe for detecting 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA) in water. The nanoparticles showed good dispersion and water stability, and achieved low detection limits for DPA. They also exhibited high recoveries in various samples.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jung Jae Do, Jong Ryeol Kwon, Donghan Kim, Jae Woong Jung
Summary: This study presents a defect passivation approach using coumarin dye as a multi-functional passivating agent of perovskite films to boost power conversion efficiency and operating stability of PSCs. The incorporation of coumarin dye improves the film morphology, enhances carrier extraction/transport, and suppresses trap-assisted recombination in the perovskite films. The optimized device demonstrates impressive reliability and practical applicability, maintaining over 90% of its initial PCE after being exposed to continuous indoor lighting irradiation for 2000 hours.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Gang Wang, Yu-Chang Wang, Jing Lu, Wen-Fu Yan, Juan Jin, Yuan-Peng Wang, Jia-Jia Zhang, Hui-Jie Zhang, Hao Dong, Xi-Guang Liu
Summary: A new Ni(II) compound with good solid-state fluorescence performance and stability was synthesized, and it showed outstanding detection properties for various substances in aqueous solutions. This compound has the potential to be a multifunctional sensor.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Luyao Wei, Shenglong Shang, Yu Zheng, Jie Liu, Ping Zhu
Summary: This study developed a facile method to create high saturation and durable structural colors on cotton fabrics. The colors are regulated by adjusting the size of magnetic particles and can be conveniently printed on fabrics using photo masks on transparent films.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Zhao Jiang, Qing Zhang, Zhaoyu Kong, Ruijie Qiao, Zichuan Liu, Linzhou Song, Senqiang Zhu, Rui Liu, Hongjun Zhu
Summary: Three heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes with different electron-donating aryl groups were synthesized and their optical properties were investigated. It was found that all three complexes exhibited aggregation-induced phosphorescence emission (AIPE) behaviors, and the relationship between the size of organic ligands and AIPE behaviors was characterized. Ir-PhCz showed the best imaging of latent fingerprints due to its green light emission and high quantum yield.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Zhijun Ruan, Chunxia Fan, Xuanrong Wang, Dong Shao, Xiaodong Yang, Wentao He, Tao Xu, Junqi Lin, Zhengfang Tian
Summary: A novel thioketal-based probe has been designed for rapid and accurate detection of mercury (II) ions, showing different fluorescence characteristics in various states. The probe exhibits excellent selectivity and specificity, making it suitable for Hg2+ detection in water solutions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jianjun Huang, Xuan Zhao, Daniel Escudero, Luc Van Meervelt, Dongbin Zheng, Yuyu Fang, Wim Dehaen
Summary: A series of BOAHY compounds were successfully synthesized and showed versatile applications as a platform for designing novel fluorescent probes, especially in selective recognition.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Roman V. Larkovich, Victoria E. Shambalova, Savva A. Ponomarev, Alexander S. Aldoshin, Boris N. Tarasevich, Konstantin A. Lyssenko, Valentine G. Nenajdenko
Summary: An efficient synthetic protocol for the preparation of novel 1,7-difluorinated BODIPYs was elaborated. Their photophysical properties were studied and the effect of 2,6-substituents was evaluated using DFT calculations.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Haneul Kim, Byungjin Koo
Summary: In this study, a lithium ion sensing methodology based on fluorinated naphthalene compounds using 19F NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy is reported. The binding of lithium ions to the compounds is confirmed by changes in chemical shifts and peak broadening. Additionally, the effect of different crown ether ring sizes on the binding ability is observed. This study provides a new method for lithium ion sensing using spectroscopy.
