Article
Energy & Fuels
Cao Kuang, Shuzhong Wang, Ming Luo, Jun Zhao
Summary: Temperature significantly affects the reaction mechanism of coal with CuO as an oxygen carrier, leading to different processes at low and high temperatures. Understanding the definite temperature limits and reaction mechanisms could inform the development of mixed CuO-based oxygen carriers.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jinze Dai, Kevin J. Whitty
Summary: In this study, the energy balance of a CuO-based CLC system firing various solid fuels was investigated, and a thermodynamic model was established. The results showed that the temperature difference between the FR and AR is not very sensitive to the heating value of the fuel, while factors such as CuO loading, support material heat capacity, and fluidizing gas flow rate have significant impacts.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yongcheng Cai, Chenxuanzi Wang, Mingxuan Zhong, Zewei Zhang, Bo Xiao, Tingting Xu, Xun Wang
Summary: In this study, Ca2Fe2O5 oxygen carrier was prepared by the sol-gel method and its reduction and oxidation kinetics were evaluated in H2 and CO2 atmospheres, respectively. The reduction process of Ca2Fe2O5 followed a random nucleation and growth model, while the oxidation process followed a zero-order contraction model. The kinetics analysis showed that both the reduction and oxidation processes of Ca2Fe2O5 were one-step reactions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Mingze Su, Haibo Zhao, Xiaoyu Wang
Summary: This study explores the oxygen uncoupling kinetics of CuO oxygen carrier using a multi-scale methodology. The results show that gas diffusion, especially in the sample layer, plays a significant role in the conversion process of CuO samples. Additionally, the physical structure of CuO particles, specifically the grain size, has an important effect on the oxygen uncoupling rate, with an optimal size of 245 nm.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Lei Liu, Zhenshan Li, Zuoan Li, Yngve Larring, Ningsheng Cai
Summary: The MFB-TGA method is effective in measuring fast heterogeneous kinetics of oxygen carriers, overcoming limitations observed in TGA. The study investigated oxygen uncoupling and redox reaction kinetics of CaMn0.5Ti0.375Fe0.125O3-delta, revealing oxidation reactions are chemically controlled, while reduction reactions have both fast and slow stages. Analyzing the MFB-TGA data provided kinetic parameters for both oxygen uncoupling and redox reactions.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jun Young Kim, Zezhong John Li, Naoko Ellis, C. Jim Lim, John R. Grace
Summary: A jet attrition model has been developed to predict the evolution of particle size distribution in fluidized beds, showing good agreement with experimental results. The model considers fragmentation, abrasion, and material fatigue, with fitting parameters determined based on nonlinear least squares regression.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Huan Zhou, Guoqiang Wei, Qun Yi, Zheming Zhang, Yingjie Zhao, Yuke Zhang, Zhen Huang, Anqing Zheng, Kun Zhao, Zengli Zhao
Summary: Chemical looping gasification (CLG) of Yunnan lignite with Fe-Mn mixed oxygen carriers (OCs) was conducted to produce high-purity synthesis gas and reduce pollutant emissions. The Fe-Mn composite OCs exhibited oxygen decoupling characteristics and synergistic effects between active components, making them suitable for the gasification process.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Lei Liu, Zhenshan Li, Zuoan Li, Yngve Larring, Ningsheng Cai
Summary: This study investigates the effect of SO2 on the redox kinetics of a CaMn0.375Ti0.5Fe0.125O3-delta perovskite oxygen carrier, revealing that SO2 has minimal impact on reduction reactivity at high temperatures but decreases oxidation reactivity. The sulfur mainly exists in the form of sulfates/sulfides on the particle surface, leading to sulfur poisoning effect during oxidation and reduction processes.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jiandong Ma, Jianzheng Xu, Chenhan Liu, Qun Yi, Min Zheng, Leming Cheng, Tao Song
Summary: Sulfur paste, a byproduct of coal chemical engineering, can be used to produce sulfuric acid through chemical looping combustion. This study investigated the reaction kinetics and mechanism of sulfur paste conversion using phosphogypsum oxygen carrier. The results showed that phosphogypsum oxygen carrier can effectively convert sulfur paste, and the reaction mechanism was further studied using density functional theory.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Richard A. Newby, Dale L. Keairns, Robert W. Stevens
Summary: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of commercial production of oxygen carriers (OCs) for large-scale application in the chemical looping combustion (CLC) power generation industry. Two production facility scenarios were considered, and two OC production techniques were addressed. The estimated OC product costs can be used to guide development and determine the maximum OC makeup rate for achieving a designated cost-of-electricity (COE) reduction goal.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Guicai Liu, Grzegorz Lisak
Summary: This review summarizes the basic properties and opportunities of Cu-based OCs in various chemical looping processes. It covers the applications of Cu-based OCs in chemical looping combustion (CLC), chemical looping oxygen uncoupling (CLOU), chemical looping air separation (CLAS), chemical looping for syngas/H2 production, integrated CaO/CuO looping process, and thermochemical energy storage (TCES). The review also discusses the technical challenges and current strategies related to agglomeration, attrition, and ash accumulation. It provides insights and guidance for the design and development of Cu-based OCs and their applications in chemical looping processes.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Lei Liu, Zhenshan Li, Yang Wang, Zuoan Li, Yngve Larring, Ningsheng Cai
Summary: A spray drying granulation protocol was developed to produce an industrial-scale perovskite oxygen carrier. Micro-fluidized bed thermogravimetric experiments were performed to measure the reaction kinetics, and the obtained data was fitted by a semi-empirical kinetic model. The upscaled granulates showed similar physical and chemical properties to the laboratory-scale particles, with high reaction rates, low attrition rates, and low energy consumption.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chunqiang Lu, Rongrong Deng, Ruidong Xu, Yannan Zhao, Xing Zhu, Yonggang Wei, Kongzhai Li
Summary: The CeO2/MnCo2O4 oxygen carrier significantly improves the redox stability for methane combustion in Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). Among different compositions, the 10% CeO2/MnCo2O4 sample shows the highest stability during successive CLC testing, with a methane combustion capacity of 2.22 mmol/g and average methane conversion rate of over 90%.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ming Luo, Lunzheng Zhou, Cao Kuang, Chao Wang, Haiyan Zhang
Summary: Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) technology is an efficient solution for fuel conversion with CO2 separation, with sulfur being a major consideration in coal utilization. The study investigated the release and fate of pyritic sulfur in the CLC process. SO2 was the dominant sulfurous gas released and metal sulfides were confirmed to be present in the oxygen carriers, affecting the sulfur conversion in both reduction and reoxidation stages.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Giovanny S. de Oliveira, Ciro E. S. Lobo, Carlos E. A. Padilha, Domingos F. S. Souza, Juan A. C. Ruiz
Summary: Brazil aims to reduce its CO2 emissions by utilizing glycerin in Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). The study evaluates the feasibility of using glycerin in CLC and finds that the addition of ethanol improves combustion efficiency, while the addition of methanol reduces efficiency.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ambrose Ugwu, Carlos Arnaiz del Pozo, Abdelghafour Zaabout, Shareq Mohd Nazir, Nimet Uzun Kalendar, Schalk Cloete, Szabolcs Szima, Szabolcs Fogarasi, Felix Donat, Geert van Diest, Jan Hendrik Cloete, Angel Jimenez Alvaro, Knuth Albertsen, Ana-Maria Cormos, Calin-Cristian Cormos, Shahriar Amini
Summary: Gas switching technology (GST) has been widely applied in the conversion of fossil fuels and biomass, enabling integrated CO2 capture with minimal energy penalty and demonstrating the feasibility and potential energy and cost savings of the technology.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yong Yan, Roong Jien Wong, Zhirui Ma, Felix Donat, Shibo Xi, Syed Saqline, Qianwenhao Fan, Yonghua Du, Armando Borgna, Qian He, Christoph R. Muller, Wei Chen, Alexei A. Lapkin, Wen Liu
Summary: The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol can be improved by doping tungsten into CeO2, resulting in a Cu/CeW0.25Ox catalyst with enhanced activity and selectivity. Experimental investigation reveals that this promotion effect is attributed to the reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ by W-doping, the suppression of oxygen vacancy formation on CeO2, and the activation of the formate pathway for CO2 hydrogenation. This catalyst design strategy differs from conventional CeO2-supported catalysts.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Reinaldo Juan Lee Pereira, Wenting Hu, Ian S. Metcalfe
Summary: Novel ammonia catalysts can achieve high reaction rates under milder conditions, leading to lower costs and energy requirements. The sensitivity of the energy and economic performance of a chemical looping process was evaluated based on gas-solid reaction thermodynamics, and it was found that thermodynamic parameters greatly influenced the system's performance.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yi-Hsuan Wu, Harshit Mehta, Elena Willinger, Jodie A. Yuwono, Priyank V. Kumar, Paula M. Abdala, Anna Wach, Agnieszka Kierzkowska, Felix Donat, Denis A. Kuznetsov, Christoph R. Mueller
Summary: Establishing generic catalyst design principles by identifying structural features of materials that influence their performance will advance the rational engineering of new catalytic materials. This study investigates the activity of metal-substituted manganese oxide (spinel) nanoparticles for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and rationalizes it based on the enthalpy of formation of the binary MO oxide, ΔH-f degrees(MO), and the Lewis acidity of the M2+ substituent. The incorporation of elements M with low ΔH-f degrees(MO) enhances the oxygen binding strength in Mn3O4:M, which affects its activity in ORR. Our work provides insights into the design of new compositions for oxygen electrocatalysis using rational substitution/doping by redox-inactive elements.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yongqing Xu, Felix Donat, Cong Luo, Jian Chen, Agnieszka Kierzkowska, Muhammad Awais Naeem, Liqi Zhang, Christoph R. Mueller
Summary: This study investigates the effect of alkali metal salt promoter K2CO3 on the cyclic performance of CaO-based sorbents. It is found that low concentrations of K2CO3 significantly improve the cyclic performance of CaO, while high concentrations reduce the CO2 uptake performance. The stability of K2CO3 is influenced by the gas environment, with partial volatilization at high temperatures leading to a decrease in K content in the samples.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Jian Chen, Lunbo Duan, Yuxin Ma, Yuxin Jiang, Anqi Huang, Hongyu Zhu, Hongyu Jiao, Mingdi Li, Yanbin Hu, Hui Zhou, Yongqing Xu, Felix Donat, Muhammad Awais Naeem, Oliver Krocher
Summary: CaL-CLC is an efficient and cost-effective CO2 capture technology that uses the heat generated by chemical looping combustion. Many studies have been carried out on the CaL-CLC process, and it is important to summarize recent progress and provide future research directions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Manouchehr Nadjafi, Yifan Cui, Marlon Bachl, Alexander Oing, Felix Donat, Giancarlo Luongo, Paula M. Abdala, Alexey Fedorov, Christoph R. Mueller
Summary: The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane can occur through a gas-solid interface or in the gas phase via a radical chain process. This study found that an empty quartz reactor can achieve high propene and ethene selectivities and propane conversions comparable to those of state-of-the-art ODP catalysts. Optimizing the post-catalytic volume of a h-BN catalyst bed can increase propane conversion and propene selectivity, indicating it as an important variable for improving catalytic ODP performances.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Wei Long Soon, Mohammad Peydayesh, Tym de Wild, Felix Donat, Rinku Saran, Christoph R. Muller, Lorenz Gubler, Raffaele Mezzenga, Ali Miserez
Summary: Increasing carbon emissions have led to accelerated climate change, calling for a shift towards greener materials and sustainable manufacturing processes. Biobased industrial byproducts, such as chicken feather waste, have the potential to be converted into renewable energy materials. In this study, chicken feathers were processed to create proton-conductive membranes for fuel cells, protonic transistors, and water-splitting devices. The membranes demonstrated good functionality and conductivity. By converting industrial waste into low-cost and scalable renewable energy materials, this green manufacturing process can contribute to a fully circular economy with a neutral carbon footprint.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhou Dong, Mohammad Peydayesh, Felix Donat, Tonghui Jin, Ting Li, Christoph R. Muller, Raffaele Mezzenga
Summary: This study develops a method using amyloid fibrils derived from food proteins as solid adsorbents for direct capture of CO2 from the air. The results show that the CO2 sorption properties of the adsorbents depend on the mixing ratio of aminosilane and the type of amyloid fibril. Beta-lactoglobulin fibril-templated aerogels exhibit the highest CO2 adsorption capacity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Margarita Rekhtina, Maximilian Krodel, Yi-Hsuan Wu, Agnieszka Kierzkowska, Felix Donat, Paula M. Abdala, Christoph R. Muller
Summary: The structural dynamics of a NaNO3-promoted, MgO-based CO2 sorbent were investigated using in situ time-resolved powder x-ray diffraction. The sorbent initially deactivates due to an increase in MgO crystallite size, reducing the availability of nucleation points for MgCO3 growth. However, after the third cycle, the sorbent shows continuous reactivation, attributed to the in situ formation of Na2Mg(CO3)2 crystallites that act as seeds for MgCO3 nucleation and growth.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Giancarlo Luongo, Alexander H. Bork, Paula M. Abdala, Yi-Hsuan Wu, Evgenia Kountoupi, Felix Donat, Christoph R. Mueller
Summary: In this study, the underlying cause of the increase in oxygen release rate of an oxygen carrier during redox cycling was elucidated. The removal of surface carbonates was found to be the main factor behind this activation phenomenon. Furthermore, the re-formation of surface carbonates after exposure to CO2 resulted in the deactivation of the perovskite oxygen carrier. These findings are important for the performance of such materials in chemical looping at relatively low temperatures (<= 500 degrees C).
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jian Chen, Yuxin Jiang, Xilei Liu, Weimin Xia, Anqi Huang, Jiacheng Zong, Zhicheng Wang, Bin Qian, Felix Donat
Summary: In this study, a one-step synthesis of CaO/CuO composite pellets with enhanced CO2 capture performance was achieved using a gel-casting technique. By adjusting the immersion time and the molar ratio of Ca to Cu, composite pellets with homogeneous elemental distribution and a molar ratio of 1 could be obtained. The addition of glucose as a pore-forming material improved the CO2 capture performance of the modified composite pellets.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maximilian Kroedel, Alexander Oing, Jan Negele, Annelies Landuyt, Agnieszka Kierzkowska, Alexander H. Bork, Felix Donat, Christoph R. Mueller
Summary: Developing nanostructured yolk-shell sorbents can enhance cyclic CO2 uptake stability of CaO-based solid sorbents, leading to lower CO2 capture costs. By comparing yolk-shell and core-shell architectures, the mechanisms behind delaying CaZrO3 formation and increasing possible CO2 uptake are identified.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Annelies Landuyt, Priyank V. Kumar, Jodie A. Yuwono, Alexander H. Bork, Felix Donat, Paula M. Abdala, Christoph R. Mueller
Summary: MgO-based CO2 sorbents promoted with molten alkali metal nitrates have shown great potential for CO2 capture and storage technologies. The carbonation mechanism of these sorbents, especially when the promoter is in the molten state, has been investigated using O-18 isotope labeling experiments. Results suggest a fast oxygen exchange between CO2 and MgO through reversible formation of surface carbonates, and subsequent dissolution of these carbonates in the molten NaNO3 promoter.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mohammad Peydayesh, Xiulin Chen, Julia Vogt, Felix Donat, Christoph R. Muller, Raffaele Mezzenga
Summary: A sustainable hybrid aerogel based on beta-lactoglobulin amyloid fibril/UiO-66-NH2 has been developed for environmental remediation. The hybrid aerogel not only achieves CO2 capture, but also demonstrates excellent adsorption capacities for various heavy metals, dyes, and organic solvents.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shitong Fang, Houfan Du, Tao Yan, Keyu Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoqing Ma, Zhihui Lai, Shengxi Zhou
Summary: This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear VIV energy harvester (ANVEH) that compensates for the decrease in peak energy output at low wind speeds by introducing an auxiliary structure. Theoretical and experimental results show that ANVEH performs better than traditional nonlinear VIV energy harvesters under various system parameter variations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Jiang, Shuo Zhang, Teng Wang, Yufei Zhang, Aimin Sha, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan
Summary: A standardized method was developed to evaluate the availability of solar energy resources in road areas, which combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). By analyzing critical factors and using a multi-indicator evaluation method, the method accurately evaluated the utilization of solar energy resources and guided the optimal location selection for road photovoltaic (PV) projects. The results provided guidance for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide, promoting the integration of transportation and energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chang Liu, Jacob A. Wrubel, Elliot Padgett, Guido Bender
Summary: The study investigates the effects of coating defects on the performance of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) in water electrolyzers. The results show that an increasing fraction of uncoated regions on the PTL leads to decreased cell performance, with continuous uncoated regions having a more severe impact compared to multiple thin uncoated strips.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marcos Tostado-Veliz, Xiaolong Jin, Rohit Bhakar, Francisco Jurado
Summary: In this paper, a coordinated charging price mechanism for clusters of parking lots is proposed. The research shows that enabling vehicle-to-grid characteristics can bring significant economic benefits for users and the cluster coordinator, and vehicle-to-grid impacts noticeably on the risk-averse character of the uncertainty-aware strategies. The developed pricing mechanism can reduce the cost for users, avoiding to directly translate the energy cost to charging points.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Duan Kang
Summary: Building an energy superpower is a key strategy for China and a long-term goal for other countries. This study proposes an evaluation system and index for measuring energy superpower, and finds that China has significantly improved its ranking over the past 21 years, surpassing other countries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fucheng Deng, Yifei Wang, Xiaosen Li, Gang Li, Yi Wang, Bin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic blockage mechanism of sand and hydrate in gravel filling layer and the evolution of permeability in the layer. Experimental models and modified permeability models were established to analyze the effects of sand particles and hydrate formation on permeability. The study provided valuable insights for the safe and efficient exploitation of hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Wang, Xiwen Chen, Natan Vital, Edward Duffy, Abolfazl Razi
Summary: This study proposes a HVAC energy optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. It achieves 37% energy savings and ensures thermal comfort for open office buildings. The model has a low complexity, uses a few controllable factors, and has a short training time with good generalizability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Moyue Cong, Yongzhuo Gao, Weidong Wang, Long He, Xiwang Mao, Yi Long, Wei Dong
Summary: This study introduces a multi-strategy ultra-wideband energy harvesting device that achieves high power output without the need for external power input. By utilizing asymmetry, stagger array, magnetic coupling, and nonlinearity strategies, the device maintains a stable output voltage and high power density output at non-resonant frequencies. Temperature and humidity monitoring are performed using Bluetooth sensors to adaptively assess the device.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tianshu Dong, Xiudong Duan, Yuanyuan Huang, Danji Huang, Yingdong Luo, Ziyu Liu, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Chaolong Song
Summary: Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for hydrogen production, and improving the hydrogen separation rate from the electrode is essential for enhancing water electrolyzer performance. However, issues such as air bubble adhesion to the electrode plate hinder the process. Therefore, a methodology to investigate the two-phase flow within the electrolyzer is in high demand. This study proposes using a microfluidic system as a simulator for the electrolyzer and optimizing the two-phase flow by manipulating the micro-structure of the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Yifan Yuan, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Jakub Jurasz
Summary: Giving full play to the flexibility of hydropower and integrating more variable renewable energy is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of China's power energy system. This study proposes a novel day-ahead scheduling model that considers the flexibility limited by irregular vibration zones (VZs) and the probability of flexibility shortage in a hydropower-variable renewable energy hybrid generation system. The model is applied to a real hydropower station and effectively improves the flexibility supply capacity of hydropower, especially during heavy load demand in flood season.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhen Wang, Kangqi Fan, Shizhong Zhao, Shuxin Wu, Xuan Zhang, Kangjia Zhai, Zhiqi Li, Hua He
Summary: This study developed a high-performance rotary energy harvester (AI-REH) inspired by archery, which efficiently accumulates and releases ultralow-frequency vibration energy. By utilizing a magnetic coupling strategy and an accumulator spring, the AI-REH achieves significantly accelerated rotor speeds and enhanced electric outputs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yi Yang, Qianyi Xing, Kang Wang, Caihong Li, Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel hybrid Quantile Regression (QR) model is proposed for Probabilistic Load Forecasting (PLF). The model integrates causal dilated convolution, residual connection, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for multi-scale feature extraction. In addition, a Combined Probabilistic Load Forecasting System (CPLFS) is proposed to overcome the inherent flaws of relying on a single model. Simulation results show that the hybrid QR outperforms traditional models and CPLFS exceeds the best benchmarks in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wen-Jiang Zou, Young-Bae Kim, Seunghun Jung
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic prediction model for capacity fade in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The model accurately predicts changes in electrolyte volume and capacity fade, enhancing the competitiveness of VRFBs in energy storage applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuechao Ma, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Guizhen Tian, Jianwei Zhang, Ruiming Liu
Summary: This paper focuses on the balance of state of charge (SOC) among multiple battery energy storage units (MBESUs) and bus voltage balance in an islanded bipolar DC microgrid. A SOC automatic balancing strategy is proposed considering the energy flow relationship and utilizing the adaptive virtual resistance algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in achieving SOC balancing and decreasing bus voltage unbalance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Raad Z. Homod, Basil Sh. Munahi, Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed, Musatafa Abbas Abbood Albadr, Aissa Abderrahmane, Jasim M. Mahdi, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, A. S. Albahri, Hussein Togun, Umar F. Alqsair, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Summary: In this study, the control problem of the multiple-boiler system (MBS) is formulated as a dynamic Markov decision process and a deep clustering reinforcement learning approach is applied to obtain the optimal control policy. The proposed strategy, based on bang-bang action, shows superior response and achieves more than 32% energy saving compared to conventional fixed parameter controllers under dynamic indoor/outdoor actual conditions.