Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Abhijit Chakraborty, Jeffrey G. Wang, Ferhat Ay
Summary: In this study, a method called dcHiC is introduced, which uses a multivariate distance measure to identify significant changes in compartmentalization among multiple contact maps. The effectiveness and sensitivity of dcHiC in detecting biologically relevant changes are demonstrated through evaluations on different datasets. dcHiC enables high-resolution compartment analysis and provides additional features such as browser visualization, differential interaction identification, and time-series clustering.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Roni Sarel-Gallily, Nissim Benvenisty
Summary: This study investigates the changes in the status of the X chromosome between primed and naive human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The findings suggest that naive hESCs reactivate XIST gene and show increased gene expression levels on the X chromosome. However, the reactivation of the X chromosome in naive hESCs is not uniform and presents a distinct eroded pattern.
Article
Cell & Tissue Engineering
Seong-Min Kim, Eun-Ji Kwon, Yun-Jeong Kim, Young-Hyun Go, Ji-Young Oh, Seokwoo Park, Jeong Tae Do, Keun-Tae Kim, Hyuk-Jin Cha
Summary: This study discovered the differential roles of Shp2 in naive and primed pluripotency and proposed the usage of iShp2 instead of iMek1 for the efficient maintenance and establishment of naive pluripotency.
STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Dylan Murphy, Eralda Salataj, Dafne Campigli Di Giammartino, Javier Rodriguez-Hernaez, Andreas Kloetgen, Vidur Garg, Erin Char, Christopher M. Uyehara, Ly-sha Ee, Ukjin Lee, Matthias Stadtfeld, Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis, Aristotelis Tsirigos, Alexander Polyzos, Effie Apostolou
Summary: In this study, the authors describe 3D hubs as regulatory subunits of gene expression in the three essential lineages of embryogenesis. They develop a computational model that can predict novel enhancers and validate such enhancers in the context of specific lineages.
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Sergey V. Razin, Sergey V. Ulianov, Olga V. Iarovaia
Summary: In this review, the functioning of enhancers in the 3D genome is considered. The mechanisms of enhancer-promoter communication and the significance of their spatial proximity in the nuclear space are discussed. The review also presents a model of an activator chromatin compartment which allows for the transfer of activating factors from an enhancer to a promoter without direct contact.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Adi Alajem, Hava Roth, Sofia Ratgauzer, Danny Bavli, Alex Motzik, Shlomtzion Lahav, Itay Peled, Oren Ram
Summary: Enhancers play a crucial role in gene regulation by increasing the likelihood of gene transcription, and are marked by histone modifications H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. DNA methylation on enhancers has traditionally been associated with repression. This study combined histone marks and DNA methylation to show that H3K4me1-marked enhancers have higher levels of methylation compared to H3K27ac-marked enhancers during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation, indicating cellular heterogeneity in enhancer states. The enhancers identified in this study are involved in stem cell differentiation and show variation in gene expression levels, highlighting the functional relevance of enhancer-based heterogeneity in cellular dynamics.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Arushi Varshney, Yasuhiro Kyono, Venkateswaran Ramamoorthi Elangovan, Collin Wang, Michael R. Erdos, Narisu Narisu, Ricardo D'Oliveira Albanus, Peter Orchard, Michael L. Stitzel, Francis S. Collins, Jacob O. Kitzman, Stephen C. J. Parker
Summary: This study identified transcription start sites in human pancreatic islets using CAGE, integrated with histone modification and chromatin accessibility data to reveal epigenomic signatures of transcription initiation. Validation of enhancer activity in a subset of these CAGE elements was performed, showing enrichment in type 2 diabetes GWAS signals, highlighting the importance of mapping CAGE profiles in disease-relevant tissues.
Review
Cell Biology
Yuliang Feng, Xingguo Liu, Siim Pauklin
Summary: In cancer formation, cells can dedifferentiate into a stem cell-like state, giving rise to cancer stem cells with the ability to form the entire tumor and resist therapy. Studying the epigenetic mechanisms and 3D chromatin architecture is crucial for understanding tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell transformation.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xin Zhao, Qiuyan Ruan, Yun Feng, Ziyun Ruan, Zhulian Wu, Deshun Shi, Fenghua Lu
Summary: This study investigated the effect of blastocyst stage on the isolation of buffalo embryonic stem cells (bESCs). The results showed that expanded blastocyst and hatched blastocyst were more suitable for bESCs isolation and could maintain pluripotency.
MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Kazuko Miyazaki, Masaki Miyazaki
Summary: This article discusses the driving factors of cell type-specific gene expression, emphasizing the importance of the interplay between chromatin architectures and TFs in cell fate decisions and cell type-specific functions, as well as the key roles of SEs and Rag1/2 genes in adaptive immunity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maojun Wang, Jianying Li, Pengcheng Wang, Fang Liu, Zhenping Liu, Guannan Zhao, Zhongping Xu, Liuling Pei, Corrinne E. Grover, Jonathan F. Wendel, Kunbo Wang, Xianlong Zhang
Summary: Transposable element (TE) amplification plays a crucial role in mediating genome size expansion and evolution, with lineage-specific TE amplification contributing to large genome size differences in cotton species. The study also reveals changes in chromatin status in gene regions due to TE amplification and highlights the recent amplification of TEs affecting the formation of lineage-specific TAD boundaries in plants.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Isabel N. Goronzy, Sofia A. Quinodoz, Joanna W. Jachowicz, Noah Ollikainen, Prashant Bhat, Mitchell Guttman
Summary: Mammalian genomes are organized into A/B compartments, and transcription occurs within B compartments with multiple active genes colocalizing. Genes proximal to nucleoli can also undergo transcription. This study provides important insights into the relationship between genome structure and transcription.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shengyong Yu, Chunhua Zhou, Jiangping He, Zhaokai Yao, Xingnan Huang, Bowen Rong, Hong Zhu, Shijie Wang, Shuyan Chen, Xialian Wang, Baomei Cai, Guoqing Zhao, Yuhan Chen, Lizhan Xiao, He Liu, Yue Qin, Jing Guo, Haokaifeng Wu, Zhen Zhang, Man Zhang, Xiaoyang Zhao, Fei Lan, Yixuan Wang, Jiekai Chen, Shangtao Cao, Duanqing Pei, Jing Liu
Summary: This study utilizes single-cell RNA sequencing to examine the transition process of mouse stem cells and uncovers an alternative route from primed to naive pluripotency. The researchers discover that the transition goes through a primordial germ cell-like intermediate state. Furthermore, they elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, including the role of DOT1L, Gata2, and Prdm1/Blimp1.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yezhang Zhu, Jiali Yu, Jiahui Gu, Chaoran Xue, Long Zhang, Jiekai Chen, Li Shen
Summary: The 3D genome organization plays a critical role in acquiring totipotency, as demonstrated in a study using mouse embryonic stem cells. The transition from pluripotent to totipotent-like state involves changes in chromatin architecture, enhancer-promoter interactions, and gene regulation, highlighting the importance of chromatin organization in cell fate determination. Disruption of chromatin structure promotes the ESC to 2CLC transition, emphasizing the functional significance of 3D genome organization in totipotency acquisition.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yusen Ye, Shihua Zhang, Lin Gao, Yuqing Zhu, Jin Zhang
Summary: The exploration of single-cell 3D genome maps reveals that chromatin domains are physical structures presenting in single cells and their boundaries vary from cell to cell. However, the association between regulatory factor binding and the formation of chromatin domains in single cells has not been systematically analyzed. A hierarchical chromatin domain structure identification algorithm named HiCS is developed, which shows superior performance in accuracy and efficiency. The results suggest that multiple factors, including CTCF-cohesin complex, Polycomb, TrxG, pluripotent protein families, contribute to shaping chromatin domain boundaries in single embryonic stem cells. Different cooperation patterns of these factors drive genomic position categories with differential preferences forming boundaries. Retrotransposons are differentially distributed in these genomic position categories, suggesting their role in regulating cell functions.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jean-Francois Lemaitre, Benjamin Rey, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Corinne Regis, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Francois Debias, Jeanne Duhayer, Sylvia Pardonnet, Maryline Pellerin, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Caesar Z. Li, Steve Horvath
Summary: This study explores the relationship between DNA methylation and chronological age in wild roe deer populations living in different ecological contexts. Three DNA methylation-based age estimators were developed, showing that older females may exhibit a lower degree of biological aging compared to males. The research also identifies specific epigenetic alterations with distinct aging patterns between the two sexes.
MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Steve Horvath, Amin Haghani, Sichong Peng, Erin N. Hales, Joseph A. Zoller, Ken Raj, Brenda Larison, Todd R. Robeck, Jessica L. Petersen, Rebecca R. Bellone, Carrie J. Finno
Summary: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of cytosine methylation patterns in horses and develops multiple epigenetic aging clocks. The results suggest that castration does not significantly impact the epigenetic aging rate in blood or liver samples from horses. Additionally, the study examines the relationship between methylation and RNA expression in horse tissues.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Anna J. Jasinska, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Caesar Z. Li, Adriana Arneson, Jason Ernst, Kylie Kavanagh, Matthew J. Jorgensen, Julie A. Mattison, Kevin Wojta, Oi-Wa Choi, Joseph DeYoung, Xinmin Li, Andrew W. Rao, Giovanni Coppola, Nelson B. Freimer, Roger P. Woods, Steve Horvath
Summary: DNA methylation-based age estimators were developed for vervet monkeys, a valuable non-human primate model for biomedical studies. The study presented multiple epigenetic clocks for different tissues, as well as clocks for measuring relative age in addition to chronological age. The high accuracy of the human-vervet clocks indicates evolutionary conservation of epigenetic aging processes in primates.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Steve Horvath, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Asieh Naderi, Elham Soltanmohammadi, Elena Farmaki, Vimala Kaza, Ioulia Chatzistamou, Hippokratis Kiaris
Summary: This study presents DNA methylation-based estimators of age and relative age for different species of deer mice, as well as enriched pathways related to different conditions. It lays the groundwork for further research on the epigenetic correlates of monogamous behavior and adaptation to high altitude in Peromyscus, highlighting the potential of human-Peromyscus epigenetic clocks as a valuable biological model.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Steve Horvath, Ake T. Lu, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Caesar Z. Li, Andrea R. Lim, Robert T. Brooke, Ken Raj, Aitor Serres-Armero, Dayna L. Dreger, Andrew N. Hogan, Jocelyn Plassais, Elaine A. Ostrander
Summary: Epigenetic clocks are reliable and highly accurate biomarkers that can be applied to 93 domestic dog breeds and potentially to humans. They are used to estimate age, lifespan, and health status, contributing to research on antiaging treatments.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Steve Horvath, David T. S. Lin, Michael S. Kobor, Joseph A. Zoller, Jonathan W. Said, Susan Morgello, Elyse Singer, William H. Yong, Beth D. Jamieson, Andrew J. Levine
Summary: Epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation patterns are important for understanding aging and disease, but there are basic questions to be resolved in their application. This study investigates the correlation of epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) between different tissues within an individual, the association of tissue pathology and clinical illness with EAA in the target organ, and the differences in EAA variability across tissues according to sex. The findings indicate that epigenetic age is moderately correlated across tissues, with blood showing the strongest correlation with spleen and bone marrow. However, blood does not correlate with liver epigenetic age. Clinically, hypertension and HIV infection are associated with EAA in different tissues, and male sex is associated with increased epigenetic acceleration in several tissues. Furthermore, greater multimorbidity is associated with higher EAA across all tissues.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marie-Laurence Cossette, Donald T. Stewart, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Aaron B. A. Shafer, Steve Horvath
Summary: Geographically isolated populations, such as the island population of Nova Scotia masked shrews in this study, often exhibit phenotypic and epigenetic differences compared to their mainland counterparts. This study provides novel insights into the role of DNA methylation in phenotypic and epigenetic divergence in island-mainland mammal populations.
Article
Evolutionary Biology
Katharina J. Peters, Livia Gerber, Luca Scheu, Riccardo Cicciarella, Joseph A. Zoller, Zhe Fei, Steve Horvath, Simon J. Allen, Stephanie L. King, Richard C. Connor, Lee Ann Rollins, Michael Krutzen
Summary: The use of epigenetic clocks allows accurate age determination and sex prediction for Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, providing a non-invasive method for extracting life history information.
EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kim M. Parsons, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Ake T. Lu, Zhe Fei, Steven H. Ferguson, Eva Garde, M. Bradley Hanson, Candice K. Emmons, Craig O. Matkin, Brent G. Young, William R. Koski, Steve Horvath
Summary: Epigenetic approaches, using DNA methylation data, are revolutionizing age estimation in long-lived species. In this study, epigenetic clocks for killer whales and bowhead whales were validated, demonstrating the feasibility of estimating the age of long-lived cetaceans using skin samples. These findings have implications for conservation and management efforts, as they provide a non-invasive method for obtaining age estimates from remote tissue biopsies.
MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES
(2023)
Article
Biology
Todd R. R. Robeck, Amin Haghani, Zhe Fei, Dana M. M. Lindemann, Jennifer Russell, Kelsey E. S. Herrick, Gisele Montano, Karen J. J. Steinman, Etsuko Katsumata, Joseph A. A. Zoller, Steve Horvath
Summary: Developing epigenetic clocks allows for accurate age determination of wild animals, such as pinnipeds, which is crucial for population assessment and management.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amin Haghani, Caesar Z. Li, Todd R. Robeck, Joshua Zhang, Ake T. Lu, Julia Ablaeva, Victoria A. Acosta-Rodriguez, Danielle M. Adams, Abdulaziz N. Alagaili, Javier Almunia, Ajoy Aloysius, Nabil M. S. Amor, Reza Ardehali, Adriana Arneson, C. Scott Baker, Gareth Banks, Katherine Belov, Nigel C. Bennett, Peter Black, Daniel T. Blumstein, Eleanor K. Bors, Charles E. Breeze, Robert T. Brooke, Janine L. Brown, Gerald Carter, Alex Caulton, Julie M. Cavin, Lisa Chakrabarti, Ioulia Chatzistamou, Andreas S. Chavez, Hao Chen, Kaiyang Cheng, Priscila Chiavellini, Oi-Wa Choi, Shannon Clarke, Joseph A. Cook, Lisa N. Cooper, Marie-Laurence Cossette, Joanna Day, Joseph DeYoung, Stacy Dirocco, Christopher Dold, Jonathan L. Dunnum, Erin E. Ehmke, Candice K. Emmons, Stephan Emmrich, Ebru Erbay, Claire Erlacher-Reid, Chris G. Faulkes, Zhe Fei, Steven H. Ferguson, Carrie J. Finno, Jennifer E. Flower, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Eva Garde, Livia Gerber, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Rodolfo G. Goya, Matthew J. Grant, Carla B. Green, M. Bradley Hanson, Daniel W. Hart, Martin Haulena, Kelsey Herrick, Andrew N. Hogan, Carolyn J. Hogg, Timothy A. Hore, Taosheng Huang, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Anna J. Jasinska, Gareth Jones, Eve Jourdain, Olga Kashpur, Harold Katcher, Etsuko Katsumata, Vimala Kaza, Hippokratis Kiaris, Michael S. Kobor, Pawel Kordowitzki, William R. Koski, Michael Kruetzen, Soo Bin Kwon, Brenda Larison, Sang-Goo Lee, Marianne Lehmann, Jean-Francois Lemaitre, Andrew J. Levine, Xinmin Li, Cun Li, Andrea R. Lim, David T. S. Lin, Dana M. Lindemann, Schuyler W. Liphardt, Thomas J. Little, Nicholas Macoretta, Dewey Maddox, Craig O. Matkin, Julie A. Mattison, Matthew McClure, June Mergl, Jennifer J. Meudt, Gisele A. Montano, Khyobeni Mozhui, Jason Munshi-South, William J. Murphy, Asieh Naderi, Martina Nagy, Pritika Narayan, Peter W. Nathanielsz, Ngoc B. Nguyen, Christof Niehrs, Batsaikhan Nyamsuren, Justine K. O'Brien, Perrie O'Tierney Ginn, Duncan T. Odom, Alexander G. Ophir, Steve Osborn, Elaine A. Ostrander, Kim M. Parsons, Kimberly C. Paul, Amy B. Pedersen, Matteo Pellegrini, Katharina J. Peters, Jessica L. Petersen, Darren W. Pietersen, Gabriela M. Pinho, Jocelyn Plassais, Jesse R. Poganik, Natalia A. Prado, Pradeep Reddy, Benjamin Rey, Beate R. Ritz, Jooke Robbins, Magdalena Rodriguez, Jennifer Russell, Elena Rydkina, Lindsay L. Sailer, Adam B. Salmon, Akshay Sanghavi, Kyle M. Schachtschneider, Dennis Schmitt, Todd Schmitt, Lars Schomacher, Lawrence B. Schook, Karen E. Sears, Ashley W. Seifert, Aaron B. A. Shafer, Anastasia V. Shindyapina, Melanie Simmons, Kavita Singh, Ishani Sinha, Jesse Slone, Russel G. Snell, Elham Soltanmohammadi, Matthew L. Spangler, Maria Spriggs, Lydia Staggs, Nancy Stedman, Karen J. Steinman, Donald T. Stewart, Victoria J. Sugrue, Balazs Szladovits, Joseph S. Takahashi, Masaki Takasugi, Emma C. Teeling, Michael J. Thompson, Bill Van Bonn, Sonja C. Vernes, Diego Villar, Harry V. Vinters, Ha Vu, Mary C. Wallingford, Nan Wang, Gerald S. Wilkinson, Robert W. Williams, Qi Yan, Mingjia Yao, Brent G. Young, Bohan Zhang, Zhihui Zhang, Yang Zhao, Peng Zhao, Wanding Zhou, Joseph A. Zoller, Jason Ernst, Andrei Seluanov, Vera Gorbunova, X. William Yang, Ken Raj, Steve Horvath
Summary: By analyzing the DNA methylation profiles of 15,456 individuals from 348 mammalian species, researchers constructed phyloepigenetic trees that show similarities to traditional phylogenetic trees. Through unsupervised clustering, they identified 55 distinct cytosine modules, 30 of which are associated with traits such as maximum life span, adult weight, age, sex, and human mortality risk. The study reveals the intertwined evolution of the genome and epigenome, which plays a role in mediating the biological characteristics and traits of different mammalian species.
Article
Ecology
Keith M. Hernandez, Kaimyn B. O'Neill, Eleanor K. Bors, Debbie Steel, Joseph A. Zoller, Rochelle Constantine, Steve Horvath, C. Scott Baker
Summary: Age estimation is important for understanding populations, but can be challenging. This study developed an epigenetic clock to estimate the age of Maui and Hector's dolphins. The models showed high accuracy and the potential for application in conservation efforts for critically endangered species.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2023)
Correction
Biology
Victoria J. Sugrue, Joseph Alan Zoller, Pritika Narayan, Ake T. Lu, Oscar J. Ortega-Recalde, Matthew J. Grant, C. Simon Bawden, Skye R. Rudiger, Amin Haghani, Steve Horvath
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Joseph A. A. Zoller, Eleftheria Parasyraki, Ake T. T. Lu, Amin Haghani, Christof Niehrs, Steve Horvath
Summary: DNA methylation-based epigenetic aging is conserved between frogs and mammals, as evidenced by the development of dual species clocks for humans and frogs. Age-related CpGs are located in neural-developmental genes, suggesting a link between epigenetic aging and neural processes. This study highlights the potential of using Xenopus as a model organism to study aging.
Correction
Cell Biology
A. T. Lu, Z. Fei, A. Haghani, T. R. Robeck, J. A. Zoller, C. Z. Li, R. Lowe, Q. Yan, J. Zhang, H. Vu, J. Ablaeva, V. A. Acosta-Rodriguez, D. M. Adams, J. Almunia, A. Aloysius, R. Ardehali, A. Arneson, C. S. Baker, G. Banks, K. Belov, N. C. Bennett, P. Black, D. T. Blumstein, E. K. Bors, C. E. Breeze, R. T. Brooke, J. L. Brown, G. G. Carter, A. Caulton, J. M. Cavin, L. Chakrabarti, I. Chatzistamou, H. Chen, K. Cheng, P. Chiavellini, O. W. Choi, S. M. Clarke, L. N. Cooper, M. L. Cossette, J. Day, J. Deyoung, S. Dirocco, C. Dold, E. E. Ehmke, C. K. Emmons, S. Emmrich, E. Erbay, C. Erlacher-Reid, C. G. Faulkes, S. H. Ferguson, C. J. Finno, J. E. Flower, J. M. Gaillard, E. Garde, L. Gerber, V. N. Gladyshev, V. Gorbunova, R. G. Goya, M. J. Grant, C. B. Green, E. N. Hales, M. B. Hanson, D. W. Hart, M. Haulena, K. Herrick, A. N. Hogan, C. J. Hogg, T. A. Hore, T. Huang, J. C. Izpisua Belmonte, A. J. Jasinska, G. Jones, E. Jourdain, O. Kashpur, H. Katcher, E. Katsumata, V. Kaza, H. Kiaris, M. S. Kobor, P. Kordowitzki, W. R. Koski, M. Kruetzen, S. B. Kwon, B. Larison, S. G. Lee, M. Lehmann, J. F. Lemaitre, A. J. Levine, C. Li, X. Li, A. R. Lim, D. T. S. Lin, D. M. Lindemann, T. J. Little, N. Macoretta, D. Maddox, C. O. Matkin, J. A. Mattison, M. Mcclure, J. Mergl, J. J. Meudt, G. A. Montano, K. Mozhui, J. Munshi-South, A. Naderi, M. Nagy, P. Narayan, P. W. Nathanielsz, N. B. Nguyen, C. Niehrs, J. K. O'Brien, P. O'Tierney Ginn, D. T. Odom, A. G. Ophir, S. Osborn, E. A. Ostrander, K. M. Parsons, K. C. Paul, M. Pellegrini, K. J. Peters, A. B. Pedersen, J. L. Petersen, D. W. Pietersen, G. M. Pinho, J. Plassais, J. R. Poganik, N. A. Prado, P. Reddy, B. Rey, B. R. Ritz, J. Robbins, M. Rodriguez, J. Russell, E. Rydkina, L. L. Sailer, A. B. Salmon, A. Sanghavi, K. M. Schachtschneider, D. Schmitt, T. Schmitt, L. Schomacher, L. B. Schook, K. E. Sears, A. W. Seifert, A. Seluanov, A. B. A. Shafer, D. Shanmuganayagam, A. V. Shindyapina, M. Simmons, K. Singh, I. Sinha, J. Slone, R. G. Snell, E. Soltanmaohammadi, M. L. Spangler, M. C. Spriggs, L. Staggs, N. Stedman, K. J. Steinman, D. T. Stewart, V. J. Sugrue, B. Szladovits, J. S. Takahashi, M. Takasugi, E. C. Teeling, M. J. Thompson, B. Van Bonn, S. C. Vernes, D. Villar, H. V. Vinters, M. C. Wallingford, N. Wang, R. K. Wayne, G. S. Wilkinson, C. K. Williams, R. W. Williams, X. W. Yang, M. Yao, B. G. Young, B. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhao, Y. Zhao, W. Zhou, J. Zimmermann, J. Ernst, K. Raj, S. Horvath