Effect of a Quality Improvement Intervention on Adherence to Therapies for Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial

Key PointsQuestionCan a multifaceted quality improvement intervention increase the adherence to 10 evidence-based performance measures for patients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in Latin America? FindingsIn this cluster randomized clinical trial that included 1624 patients from 36 hospitals in 3 countries, hospitals in the intervention group had a composite adherence score of 85.3% for the evidence-based performance measures, and those in the control group had a score of 77.8%, a difference that was not statistically significant. In a planned secondary analysis, improvement in adherence to all 10 performance measures was greater in the intervention group than in the control group using an all-or-none approach for the outcome. MeaningIn this cohort of patients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack, a multifaceted intervention did not demonstrate an overall improvement in adherence to evidence-based performance measures compared with standard of care, yet individual care elements improved. This cluster randomized clinical trial assesses the effect of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention compared with routine care on adherence to evidence-based therapy among patients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. ImportanceTranslating evidence into clinical practice in the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) is challenging, especially in low- and middle-income countries. ObjectiveTo assess the effect of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention on adherence to evidence-based therapies for care of patients with AIS and TIA. Design, Setting and ParticipantsThis 2-arm cluster-randomized clinical trial assessed 45 hospitals and 2336 patients with AIS and TIA for eligibility before randomization. Eligible hospitals were able to provide care for patients with AIS and TIA in Brazil, Argentina, and Peru. Recruitment started September 12, 2016, and ended February 26, 2018; follow-up ended June 29, 2018. Data were analyzed using the intention-to-treat principle. InterventionsThe multifaceted quality improvement intervention included case management, reminders, a roadmap and checklist for the therapeutic plan, educational materials, and periodic audit and feedback reports to each intervention cluster. Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was a composite adherence score for AIS and TIA performance measures. Secondary outcomes included an all-or-none composite end point of performance measures, the individual process measure components of the composite end points, and clinical outcomes at 90 days after admission (stroke recurrence, death, and disability measured by the modified Rankin scale). ResultsA total of 36 hospitals and 1624 patients underwent randomization. Nineteen hospitals were randomized to the quality improvement intervention and 17 to routine care. The overall mean (SD) age of patients enrolled in the study was 69.4 (13.5) years, and 913 (56.2%) were men. Overall mean (SD) composite adherence score for the 10 performance measures in the intervention group hospitals compared with control group hospitals was 85.3% (20.1%) vs 77.8% (18.4%) (mean difference, 4.2%; 95% CI, -3.8% to 12.2%). As a secondary end point, 402 of 817 patients (49.2%) at intervention hospitals received all the therapies that they were eligible for vs 203 of 807 (25.2%) in the control hospitals (odds ratio, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.22-5.53; P=.01). Conclusions and RelevanceA multifaceted quality improvement intervention did not result in a significant increase in composite adherence score for evidence-based therapies in patients with AIS or TIA. However, when using an all-or-none approach, the intervention resulted in improved adherence to evidence-based therapies. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02223273