Apatite U-Pb dating at UNAM laboratories: analytical protocols and examples of its application

Apatite is the most common phosphate mineral in the Earth's crust and can be found in practically all magmatic and metamorphic rocks, as well as in ancient and recent sediments and in certain ore deposits. Its effective closure temperature of 450-550 degrees C for the U-Pb system makes apatite an important natural medium-temperature thermochronometer that can be dated by both laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) techniques. Due to its low U content, coupled with high Pb contents incorporated during crystallization (also called common lead), apatite U-Pb dating is analytically challenging, and requires robust analytical protocols to achieve reliable ages. In this experimental study we obtained apatite U-Pb ages from six rock samples employing LA-ICP-MS (at Laboratorio de Estudios Isotopicos, Centro de Geociencias, UNAM), while one sample was also dated by ID-TIMS (at Laboratorio Universitario de Geoquimica Isotopica, UNAM). These samples have igneous emplacement or metamorphic ages broadly ranging from the Neoproterozoic to the Paleocene. The obtained apatite U-Pb ages agree well with other radioisotopic data (U-Pb on zircon and K-Ar or Ar-Ar on micas and hornblende) available for the same rock samples tested, or for the same geological units studied. These apatite U-Pb results, obtained for the first time at two main Mexican geochronology laboratories, are precise enough to be geologically meaningful and usually represent the cooling ages; though, in some cases they may also indicate the crystallization or the metamorphic age. Some advantages and disadvantages of LA-ICP-MS- and ID-TIMS-based methodologies were observed and outlined. Our results validate the analytical procedures used and will serve as an important trigger towards the development or improvement of medium-temperature thermochronology techniques in Mexico.