Article
Immunology
Mengmeng Zhao, Huiyang Sha, Huawei Li, Hang Zhang, Liangzong Huang, Ruining Wang
Summary: This study demonstrates that porcine OASL1 inhibits PRRSV-2 infection through activation of MDA5, providing new evidence for understanding the mechanism.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biology
Georgia M. Cook, Katherine Brown, Pengcheng Shang, Yanhua Li, Lior Soday, Adam M. Dinan, Charlotte Tumescheit, A. P. Adrian Mockett, Ying Fang, Andrew E. Firth, Ian Brierley
Summary: This study characterizes the transcriptome and translatome of the arterivirus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and analyzes the host response to infection. The study reveals an increase in programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) efficiency over time at both viral genomic sites. Surprisingly, the study also finds an increase in PRF efficiency at the canonical ORF1ab frameshift site, contradicting the common assumption. Additionally, several highly translated additional viral ORFs and novel viral transcripts were discovered. These findings provide insights into the gene expression programs of PRRSV.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alvin Paul, Mohd Nazri Ismail, Thean Hock Tang, Siew Kit Ng
Summary: The study found that IRF9 can mediate the expression of interferon-stimulated genes through phosphorylation reactions. Preliminary results showed that IRF9 is phosphorylated at S252 and S253 under IFN beta-induced condition and R242 under non-induced condition. However, further research is needed to determine the significance and impact of IRF9 phosphorylation.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Chandrika Senthilkumaran, Andrea L. Kroeker, Gregory Smith, Carissa Embury-Hyatt, Brad Collignon, Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina, Paul A. Azzinaro, Bradley S. Pickering, Fayna Diaz-San Segundo, Hana M. Weingartl, Teresa de los Santos
Summary: This study tested the use of a specific viral vector to deliver porcine interferon and limit Ebola virus replication and shedding in pigs. The results showed that treated pigs did not develop clinical symptoms, had reduced viral load and shedding, and displayed an upregulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This treatment approach has the potential to limit the spread of Ebola virus in pigs.
Article
Virology
Sihan Li, Xuan Zhang, Yao Yao, Yingqi Zhu, Xiaojie Zheng, Fang Liu, Wenhai Feng
Summary: miR-150 expression is upregulated upon PRRSV infection, which positively targets the PRRSV genome and promotes type I IFN signaling as a host defensive strategy.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Liujun Zhang, Xing Feng, Huandi Wang, Shaojun He, Hongjie Fan, Deyi Liu
Summary: Fc gamma receptor-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) can promote virus invasion of target cells, sometimes exacerbating the severity of the disease. ADE of PRRSV infection has been demonstrated, but its effect on the host cell's natural antiviral immunity is unclear.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Virology
Xibao Shi, Yuanhao Yang, Xiaozhuan Zhang, Xiaobo Chang, Jing Chen, Chao Wang, Aiping Wang, Jianhua Wang, Jianru Qin, Xianlong Ye, Wei Jin, Gaiping Zhang
Summary: PRRSV-2 infection may enhance its replication in host cells by up-regulating miR-541-3p, which can inhibit host immune response. MiR-541-3p negatively regulates the transcription of type I interferon by targeting IRF7, further promoting PRRSV-2 replication.
Article
Virology
Sam Drury, Grace Claussen, Allison Zetterman, Hideaki Moriyama, Etsuko N. N. Moriyama, Luwen Zhang
Summary: The study identified the existence of the IRF9 gene in cartilaginous fish and discovered unique isoforms of IRF9 in old world monkeys and great apes. These isoforms, named primate-specific IRF9 (PS-IRF9), have a different C-terminal region compared to canonical IRF9. Two PS-IRF9s were found in humans, and their RNA transcripts and proteins were detected. PS-IRF9 may have unique biological functions and be involved in the regulation of the IFN pathway in a primate-specific manner.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Liang Li, Jiyang Fu, Jixuan Li, Shibang Guo, Qichao Chen, Yibo Zhang, Zhankui Liu, Chen Tan, Huanchun Chen, Xiangru Wang
Summary: African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious and lethal disease in pigs and wild boars, severely affecting the global pig industry. This study identifies the ASFV pI215L protein as an antagonist of the type I interferon signaling, which degrades the host IRF9 protein through the autophagic pathway, inhibiting the type I interferon response.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Shuang Jiao, Changyao Li, Hongyang Liu, Mengdi Xue, Qiongqiong Zhou, Longfeng Zhang, Xiaohong Liu, Chunying Feng, Guangqiang Ye, Jia Liu, Jiangnan Li, Li Huang, Tao Xiong, Zhaoxia Zhang, Changjiang Weng
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4) of PRRSV is shown to inhibit the activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway by cleaving the inhibitor kappa B kinase beta (IKK beta). The cleavage of IKK beta by PRRSV Nsp4 is dependent on its 3C-like serine protease activity.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Xiaoyang Li, Ruiqi Sun, Yanyu Guo, Huixia Zhang, Ruyu Xie, Xubin Fu, Lei Zhang, Lilin Zhang, Zexing Li, Jinhai Huang
Summary: To ensure efficient replication, a virus must hijack or regulate multiple host factors. Understanding virus-host interactions and host resistance mechanisms is necessary to control PRRSV. In this study, we uncovered a new immune escape mechanism of PRRSV infection.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Aniska Chikhalya, Meike Dittmann, Yueting Zheng, Sook-Young Sohn, Charles M. Rice, Patrick Hearing
Summary: IFIT3 and its partner proteins IFIT1 and IFIT2 restrict human Ad replication by stimulating IFN beta production via the STING and MAVS pathways, enhancing the IFN response independently of viral PAMPs. This reveals a novel mechanism of IFN signaling activation for cellular antiviral responses.
Article
Virology
Yishu Wang, Yiling Chen, Ying Lin, Yingqin Quan, Xiaoping Xiao, Renli Zhang
Summary: RSV infection is a major cause of lower respiratory tract disease, with no effective treatments found yet. Recent studies have shown that TRIM family member TRIM22 plays a crucial role in resisting RSV infection. RSV infection induces TRIM22 expression through the activation of JAK-STAT1/2 signaling.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Jiashu Han, Mengwei Wu, Ziwen Liu
Summary: Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is crucial for determining immunotherapy responsiveness. It promotes immune cell activation and tumor cell apoptosis, but tumor cells can develop IFN-γ resistance, acquiring stemness characteristics and expressing immunosuppressive molecules. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of IFN-γ resistance and highlights the importance of elucidating these mechanisms to improve immunotherapy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Nengwen Xia, Wanglong Zheng, Sen Jiang, Qi Cao, Jia Luo, Jiajia Zhang, Yulin Xu, Shaohua Sun, Kaili Zhang, Nanhua Chen, Francois Meurens, Jianzhong Zhu
Summary: This study systematically analyzed the inductions of IFN, autophagy, and apoptosis by porcine STING (pSTING) and revealed the regulatory role of autophagy on IFN and apoptosis.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Jia Li, Yanrong Zhou, Wenkai Zhao, Jiao Liu, Rizwan Ullah, Puxian Fang, Liurong Fang, Shaobo Xiao
Summary: This study reveals that DDX10 expression has a significant effect against PRRSV, while its reduction promotes PRRSV proliferation. DDX10 exerts its antiviral effect by regulating type I interferon production. PRRSV infection induces the translocation of DDX10 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and blocks its antiviral effect through selective autophagy.
Article
Virology
Zhuang Li, Panpan Duan, Runhui Qiu, Liurong Fang, Puxian Fang, Shaobo Xiao
Summary: In this study, it was found that HDAC6 inhibits PDCoV replication by deacetylating and degrading viral nonstructural protein 8 (nsp8). Specific amino acid residues on nsp8 were identified as key sites for HDAC6-mediated degradation. These findings provide insights into the role of HDAC6 in regulating PDCoV infection and offer new strategies for anti-PDCoV drug development.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Zheng Sun, Xiaolei Chen, Jiao Liu, Yingbin Du, Chenrui Duan, Shaobo Xiao, Yanrong Zhou, Liurong Fang
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe infectious disease damaging the global pig industry. In this study, the researchers optimized the isolation method for pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) to study PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. They found that PIMs exhibited a more acute inflammatory response and endothelial barrier dysfunction compared to porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during PRRSV infection. The study also revealed the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-18 in causing endothelial barrier dysfunction in PIMs.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Qiyun Ke, Kaiqi Duan, Yan Cheng, Si Xu, Shaobo Xiao, Liurong Fang
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a worldwide prevalent virus that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. Current vaccines fail to effectively control PRRSV, therefore the development of safe and effective antiviral drugs is urgently needed. Sanguinarine, a natural alkaloid found in many plants including Macleaya cordata, has been demonstrated as a potent antagonist against PRRSV. It targets multiple stages of the viral life cycle and shows promising potential as a novel candidate for anti-PRRSV agents.
Article
Microbiology
Jiansong Zhang, Puxian Fang, Jie Ren, Sijin Xia, Huichang Zhang, Xuerui Zhu, Tong Ding, Shaobo Xiao, Liurong Fang
Summary: Since late 2010, a highly pathogenic variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused significant economic losses in pig farms worldwide. The nonstructural protein 7 (nsp7) plays a crucial role in viral replication and transcription complex formation, but its function in coronavirus infection and pathogenesis is still unclear. This study reveals that PEDV nsp7 inhibits interferon beta (IFN-beta) production by competing with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) for binding melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), preventing MDA5 dephosphorylation and activation. Furthermore, the researchers found similar abilities in nsp7 orthologs of other coronaviruses, suggesting a common strategy used by these viruses to evade the host immune response.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Yanrong Zhou, Yang Li, Ran Tao, Jia Li, Liurong Fang, Shaobo Xiao
Summary: PRRSV infection and nsp5 overexpression activate incomplete autophagy by inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. This is achieved by blocking the interaction of STX17 with SNAP29, leading to the impairment of autophagic flux.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Virology
Puxian Fang, Huichang Zhang, Ting Cheng, Tong Ding, Sijin Xia, Wenwen Xiao, Zhuang Li, Shaobo Xiao, Liurong Fang
Summary: This study reveals the interaction between accessory protein NS6 of Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and VPS35, a subunit of the retromer complex, which is critical for PDCoV infection and replication. Knockdown of VPS35 inhibits wild-type PDCoV infection, demonstrating the proviral function of VPS35. Depletion of VPS35 prevents retrograde transport of PDCoV NS6, leading to lysosomal degradation and inhibition of viral production.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Xiaowei Mei, Jiahui Guo, Puxian Fang, Jun Ma, Mingxiang Li, Liurong Fang
Summary: In this study, fecal samples collected from diarrheic piglets in China during 2017-2019 were analyzed and 50.08% of these samples were found to be positive for PEDV. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of two different genotypes, GII-a and GII-b, among the samples. One strain, named ECQ1, was successfully isolated and found to be a recombinant PEDV between the GII-a and GII-b strains. Pathogenicity assessment showed that ECQ1 had lower pathogenicity than a representative GII-a PEDV strain, suggesting its potential as a live virus vaccine candidate against porcine epidemic diarrhea.
Article
Virology
Hejin Zhang, Kaiqi Duan, Yingbin Du, Shaobo Xiao, Liurong Fang, Yanrong Zhou
Summary: In this study, a recombinant PRRS virus (rPRRSV) was successfully generated using reverse genetics systems, and a restrictive endonucleases-free method based on CRISPR/Cas9 was developed to edit the PRRSV genome. The study provides a rapid and convenient approach for the development of genetically engineered vaccines against PRRSV and the exploration of PRRSV gene functions.
Article
Immunology
Wei Liu, Peizhao Jiang, Tao Song, Keli Yang, Fangyan Yuan, Ting Gao, Zewen Liu, Chang Li, Rui Guo, Shaobo Xiao, Yongxiang Tian, Danna Zhou
Summary: In this study, a multi-antigen chimera (L9m6) was constructed and its immunogenic and antigenic properties were assessed in a murine model. The chimeric vaccine induced significant cellular immune responses and high production of antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, suggesting its potential for the prevention and control of porcine enzootic pneumonia.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xiaoxia Fan, Caifeng Ren, Keke Ning, Mohamed. A. Shoala, Qiyun Ke, Yanrong Zhou, Yuan Wu, Runhui Qiu, Jiangong Liang, Shaobo Xiao
Summary: Chiral ZnO nanoparticles show outstanding antiviral properties, with their mechanism of action mainly related to cell adhesion and uptake.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Yunfei Xie, Chener Chen, Ding Zhang, Zhe Jiao, Yixi Chen, Gang Wang, Yubei Tan, Wanpo Zhang, Shaobo Xiao, Guiqing Peng, Yuejun Shi
Summary: This study verifies the importance of the active sites of EndoU in coronaviruses and finds that nsp15 antagonizes interferon response through its EndoU activity. However, compared to wild-type viruses, the propagation and pathogenicity of the EndoU-deficient viruses in immunocompetent cells remain unchanged.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)