Effects of hydrogen direct-injection angle and charge concentration on gasoline-hydrogen blending lean combustion in a Wankel engine

To analyze the effects of hydrogen charge concentration (HCC) and injection angle (IA) on the lean combustion in a gasoline Wankel engine, the present work implemented a numerical simulation model coupling with the kinetic mechanisms and validated with the experimental data. Results found that with the increase in HCC, the penetration of hydrogen injection is enlarged and the area of the high-speed jet flow is expanded. The jet-flow area for IAs of 45 degrees or 135 degrees is larger than that of 90 degrees. Changing IA could obtain the hydrogen distribution at different regions of the rotor chamber and IA of 90 degrees acquires the smallest hydrogen-rich region. Increasing IA brings about the reduced flame speed substantially; the flame area for IAs of 45 degrees and 90 degrees expands with the increment of HCC whereas the contrary pattern is witnessed at the IA of 135 degrees. Smaller IA leads to the major burning occurring untimely, which resulting in less work delivery of the engine. The hydrogen consumption for lAs of 45 degrees and 90 degrees increases as HCC is ascendant while that for IA of 135 degrees is just the reverse. Variations in the mixture distribution and turbulence are the intrinsic mechanism of how the HCC and IA reflects the combustion progress. As hydrogen is injected with larger HCC and smaller IA, a relatively richer mixture and higher turbulent kinetic energy are distributed close in the spark ignition region. The peak combustion pressure reduces and its corresponding crank position delays with the widened IA at any HCC. Considering the fuel combustion and nitric oxide formation, as hydrogen volume fraction is 3% and IA is 45 degrees, the engine could realize the optimized performance under the computational condition. An efficient combustion performance may be performed in engineering application if the hydrogen IA is in accordance with the rotor rotating direction at lower HCC.