Journal
DENTAL MATERIALS
Volume 35, Issue 7, Pages 1031-1041Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.04.009
Keywords
Mineral bone cement; Calcium phosphate scaffold; Stem cells; Vascularization; Co-culture; Bone tissue engineering
Funding
- NIH [R01 DE17974]
- University of Maryland
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry
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Objective. Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) mimic nanostructured bone minerals and are promising for dental, craniofacial and orthopedic applications. Vascularization plays a critical role in bone regeneration. This article represents the first review on cutting-edge research on prevascularization of CPC scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration. Methods. This article first presented the prevascularization of CPC scaffolds. Then the co-culture of two cell types in CPC scaffolds was discussed. Subsequently, to further enhance the prevascularization efficacy, tri-culture of three different cell types in CPC scaffolds was presented. Results. (1) Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) incorporation in CPC bone cement scaffold greatly enhanced cell affinity and bone prevascularization; (2) By introducing endothelial cells into the culture of osteogenic cells (co-culture of two different cell types, or bi-culture) in CPC scaffold, the bone defect area underwent much better angiogenic and osteogenic processes when compared to mono-culture; (3) Tri-culture with an additional cell type of perivascular cells (such as pericytes) resulted in a substantially enhanced prevascularization of CPC scaffolds in vitro and more new bone and blood vessels in vivo, compared to bi-culture. Furthermore, biological cell crosstalk and capillary-like structure formation made critical contributions to the bi-culture system. In addition, the pericytes in the tri-culture system substantially promoted stability and maturation of the primary vascular network. Significance. The novel approach of CPC scaffolds with stem cell bi-culture and tri-culture is of great significance in the regeneration of dental, craniofacial and orthopedic defects in clinical practice. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Academy of Dental Materials.
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