☆ 4.5 Article

Is Shock Index a Valid Predictor of Mortality in Emergency Department Patients With Hypertension, Diabetes, High Age, or Receipt of β- or Calcium Channel Blockers?

ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (2016)

Journal

ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE

Volume 67, Issue 1, Pages 106-113

Publisher

MOSBY-ELSEVIER

DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.05.020

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Funding

TrygFonden
Henry Shaws Legat
Augustinus Fonden
Oticon Fonden
National Institutes of Health
Cheetah Medical
Thermo-Fischer
Rapid Pathogen Screening
Siemans

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Abstract

Study objective: Shock index is a widely reported tool to identify patients at risk for circulatory collapse. We hypothesize that old age, diabetes, hypertension, and beta- or calcium channel blockers weaken the association between shock index and mortality. Methods: This was a cohort study of all first-time emergency department (ED) visits between 1995 and 2011 (n=111,019). We examined whether age 65 years or older, diabetes, hypertension, and use of beta- or calcium channel blockers modified the association between shock index and 30-day mortality. Results: The 30-day mortality was 3.0%. For all patients, with shock index less than 0.7 as reference, a shock index of 0.7 to 1 had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.7 to 3.2) for 30-day mortality, whereas shock index greater than or equal to 1 had an OR of 10.5 (95% CI 9.3 to 11.7). The crude OR for shock index greater than or equal to 1 in patients aged 65 years or older was 8.2 (95% CI 7.2 to 9.4) compared with 18.9 (95% CI 15.6 to 23.0) in younger patients. beta- Or calcium channel-blocked patients had an OR of 6.4 (95% CI 4.9 to 8.3) versus 12.3 (95% CI 11.0 to 13.8) in nonusers and hypertensive patients had an OR of 8.0 (95% CI 6.6 to 9.4) versus 12.9 (95% CI 11.1 to 14.9) in normotensive patients. Diabetic patients had an OR of 9.3 (95% CI 6.7 to 12.9) versus 10.8 (95% CI 9.6 to 12.0) in nondiabetic patients. A shock index of 0.7 to 1 was associated with ORs greater than 1 (range 2.2 to 3.1), with no evident differences within subgroups. The adjusted analyses showed similar ORs. Conclusion: Shock index is independently associated with 30-day mortality in a broad population of ED patients. Old age, hypertension, and beta- or calcium channel blockers weaken this association. However, a shock index greater than or equal to 1 suggests substantial 30-day mortality risk in all ED patients.

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The Effect of Calcium Channel Blockers on Moderate or Severe Albuminuria in Diabetic, Hypertensive Patients

Eder H. Cativo, Persio D. Lopez, Diana P. Cativo, Steven A. Atlas, Clive Rosendorff

Summary: This study found that inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system are more effective than calcium channel blockers in reducing albuminuria in patients with nephropathy due to hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, there was no significant difference between the two drug classes in terms of markers of renal function.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)