Rare earth element and strontium isotope geochemistry in Dujiali Lake, central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China: Implications for the origin of hydromagnesite deposits

Rare earth element (REE) and strontium isotope data (Sr-87/Sr-86) are presented for hydromagnesite and surface waters that were collected from Dujiali Lake in central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China. The goal of this study is to constrain the solute sources of hydromagnesite deposits in Dujiali Lake. All lake waters from the area exhibit a slight LREE enrichment (average [La/Sm](P)(AAS) = 1.36), clear Eu anomalies (average [Eu/Eu*](PAAS) = 1.31), and nearly no Ce anomalies. The recharge waters show a flat pattern (average [La/Sm](P)(AAS) = 1.007), clear Eu anomalies (average [Eu/Eu*](PAAS) = 1.83), and nearly no Ce anomalies (average [Ce/Ce*](PAAS) = 1.016). The REE + Y data of the surface waters indicate the dissolution of ultramafic rock at depth and change in the hydrogeochemical characteristics through fluid-rock interaction. These data also indicate a significant contribution of paleo-groundwater to the formation of hydromagnesite, which most likely acquired REE and Sr signatures from the interaction with ultramafic rocks. The Sr-87/Sr-86 data provide additional insight into the geochemical evolution of waters of the Dujiali Lake indicating that the source of Sr in the hydromagnesite does not directly derive from surface water and may have been influenced by both Mg-rich hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water. Additionally, speciation modeling predicts that carbonate complexes are the most abundant dissolved REE species in surface water. This study provides new insights into the origins of hydromagnesite deposits in Dujiali Lake, and contributes to the understanding of hydromagnesite formation in similar modern and ancient environments on Earth.