Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENOMICS AND HUMAN GENETICS, VOL 20, 2019
Volume 20, Issue -, Pages 331-357Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015324
Keywords
exosomes; microvesicles; extracellular vesicles; brain tumor; glioma; immune response; astrocytes; inflammation; microenvironment
Categories
Funding
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM129046] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [R21 MH118174] Funding Source: Medline
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High-grade gliomas, particularly glioblastomas (grade IV), are devastating diseases with dismal prognoses; afflicted patients seldom live longer than 15 months, and their quality of life suffers immensely. Our current standard-of-care therapy has remained essentially unchanged for almost 15 years, with little new therapeutic progress. We desperately need a better biologic understanding of these complicated tumors in a complicated organ. One area of rejuvenated study relates to extracellular vesicles (EVs)-membrane-enclosed nano- or microsized particles that originate from the endosomal system or are shed from the plasma membrane. EVs contribute to tumor heterogeneity (including the maintenance of glioma stem cells or their differentiation), the impacts of hypoxia (angiogenesis and coagulopathies), interactions amid the tumor microenvironment (concerning the survival of astrocytes, neurons, endothelial cells, blood vessels, the blood-brain barrier, and the ensuing inflammation), and influences on the immune system (both stimulatory and suppressive). This article reviews glioma EVs and the ways that EVs manifest themselves as autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine factors in proximal and distal intra- and intercellular communications. The reader should note that there is much controversy, and indeed confusion, in the field over the exact roles for EVs in many biological processes, and we will engage some of these difficulties herein.
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