Electrical-thermal behaviors of a cylindrical graphite-NCA Li-ion battery responding to external short circuit operation

Large amount of heat generated during an external short circuit (ESC) process may cause battery safety events. An experimental platform is established to explore the battery electrothermal characteristics during ESC faults. For 18650-type nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA) batteries, ESC fault tests of different initial state of charge (SOC) values, different external resistances, or different ambient temperatures are carried out. The test case of a smaller external resistance is characterized by a shorter ESC duration with a faster cell temperature rise, whereas the case of a larger external resistance will last for a longer duration, discharge more electricity, and terminate in a slightly higher temperature. The tested batteries of high initial SOCs generally have higher temperature rise rates, smoother changes at the output current/voltage curves, but a smaller discharged capacity. The batteries of low initial SOCs can be overdischarged by the ESC operations. At low temperatures, say 0 degrees C, the ESC process outputs much less electricity than the process at high temperatures, eg, 30 degrees C. The initial low temperature has little effect on reducing the battery overheat due to ESC operations. The battery thermal behavior is of hysteresis property; analysis of heat generations reveals the subsequent increase of battery surface temperature after the completion of ESC discharge is due to the battery material abusive reaction heats. It is found from analytical and numerical analyses that there can have approximately 30 degrees C temperature difference between the battery core and its surface during ESC operations. The interruption of ESC operation is very probably caused by the high battery core temperature, which leads to the destruction of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) film.