Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lei Zhang, Guangshuai Liu, Tian Xia, Xiufeng Yang, Guolei Sun, Chao Zhao, Chunzhu Xu, Honghai Zhang
Summary: The study analyzed TLR genes from the genomes and transcriptomes of 102 amphibian species to understand their evolutionary patterns. Results showed that TLR genes can be divided into seven subfamilies, with TLR4 subfamily found only in Anura. Purification selection played a leading role in amphibian TLR evolution, and different domains had different evolution rates. Positive selection patterns and single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in TLR genes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xin Zhi, Peipei Yang, Yunxue Xu, Zhifei Dai, Xiuli Yue, Linxue Qian
Summary: This review discusses the functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the tumor microenvironment and the pathways that activate immune responses. It also summarizes recent developments in nanotechnology for immunomodulation with TLR agonists. Nanotechnology can improve the efficacy of TLR agonist-based immunotherapy and address its limitations.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yuan-Tung Chu, Min-Tser Liao, Kuo-Wang Tsai, Kuo-Cheng Lu, Wan-Chung Hu
Summary: A comprehensive framework has been established to understand immunological pathways, and specific associations between immune responses and immune receptors have been identified. These findings contribute to the identification of biomarkers for immune cells and provide insights into host immunological pathways.
Article
Microbiology
Alicja M. Nogacka, Silvia Arboleya, Naghmeh Nikpoor, Jeremie Auger, Nuria Salazar, Isabel Cuesta, Jorge R. Alvarez-Buylla, Laura Mantecon, Gonzalo Solis, Miguel Gueimonde, Thomas A. Tompkins, Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilan
Summary: 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is a highly abundant oligosaccharide in human milk that benefits neonatal health. This study evaluated the impact of different probiotic strains or a probiotic formulation on the microbiota and degradation of 2'-FL. Results showed that certain probiotic strains promoted the degradation of 2'-FL in slow-degrading microbiota. Additionally, significant changes in microbiota composition and metabolic activity were observed with specific probiotic strains or the probiotic formulation in slow degraders. Further research is needed to understand the role of host intestinal microbiota in the efficacy of these strains.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaoqin Tang, Qian Xu, Shuo Yang, Xinwu Huang, Long Wang, Feihong Huang, Jiesi Luo, Xiaogang Zhou, Anguo Wu, Qibing Mei, Chunling Zhao, Jianming Wu
Summary: Platelets, as the second most abundant blood component, play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological functions. In addition to its traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets also have an indispensable role in inflammatory diseases. Thrombocytopenia, a common hematologic problem, is closely related to the fatality of many diseases, highlighting the significance of its prevention and treatment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Stavros Garantziotis, Rashmin C. Savani
Summary: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is not only a structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. Proteoglycans (PGs), a component of ECM, have been found to be crucial in both health maintenance and disease development by activating the innate immune system and influencing cell fate.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katarzyna Wicherska-Pawlowska, Tomasz Wrobel, Justyna Rybka
Summary: The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating immune cells and initiating inflammatory and immune responses. This system also plays a role in cancer immunosurveillance, with potential for natural and synthetic agonists of PRRs to be used as adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Igor Splichal, Sharon M. Donovan, Zdislava Kindlova, Zbynek Stranak, Vera Neuzil Bunesova, Marek Sinkora, Katerina Polakova, Barbora Valaskova, Alla Splichalova
Summary: Gnotobiotic animals with defined microbiota were used to study host-microbiota and microbiota-microbiota interferences. Preterm germ-free piglets were mono-associated with probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB12) to prevent the consequences of Salmonella Typhimurium infection. BB12 partially ameliorated the inflammatory response to LT2 infection by preserving goblet cell density in the colon and decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers in the jejunum, ileum, colon, and plasma.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Oncology
Yang Xun, Hua Yang, Bozena Kaminska, Hua You
Summary: Glioma is a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor that is difficult to treat and often recurs. Toll-like receptors play dual roles in the glioma microenvironment, eliciting both anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral responses. Targeting TLRs in glioma treatment may provide new strategies for immunotherapy.
JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
L. M. Baker, T. S. Webberley, G. Masetti, T. R. Hughes, J. R. Marchesi, A. A. Jack, T. S. C. Joyce, M. D. Allen, S. F. Plummer, D. R. Michael, G. Ramanathan, R. Del Sol, P. D. Facey
Summary: Genomic sequences of the Lab4 probiotic consortium were deposited in Genbank, confirming functionality and safety. Probiogenomic analyses showed good tolerance to bile and acid, with no significant risk of antibiotic resistance or virulence genes. Tolerance studies in rats further supported safety, indicating Lab4's survival through the gastrointestinal tract.
Review
Immunology
Yingchi Zhang, Jia Liu, Changlun Wang, Junxian Liu, Wei Lu
Summary: Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms can increase the risk of autoimmune diseases, and studying these variations can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Urology & Nephrology
Minghui Liu, Ke Zen
Summary: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the development and progression of renal diseases, with TLR2 and TLR4 promoting disease progression in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic nephropathy, CKD, and infection-associated renal diseases. Stimulation of TLR7/8 and TLR9 by host-derived nucleic acids also plays a key role in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
David A. Mills, J. Bruce German, Carlito B. Lebrilla, Mark A. Underwood
Summary: For more than 100 years, doctors have observed the presence of bifidobacteria in the feces of breast-fed infants, which has been linked to their health. Recent advancements in genomics and glycomics have helped explain this enrichment and allowed for the targeted use of probiotics to restore bifidobacterial functions in at-risk infants. This review highlights two decades of research that has paved the way for the use of bifidobacteria in the intestines of at-risk newborns, and proposes a model for measuring probiotic efficacy in improving infant health based on metabolic outcomes.
Review
Oncology
Eileena F. Giurini, Mary Beth Madonna, Andrew Zloza, Kajal H. Gupta
Summary: In this review, we discuss the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer and their potential as a target for immunotherapy. TLRs are transmembrane receptors involved in innate immunity and can recognize molecules derived from microbes and damaged cells. Activation of TLRs can lead to either pro-tumoral effects or anti-tumoral effects, depending on the TLR and tumor type. Understanding the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer is crucial for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
Article
Physiology
Jay H. Lipinski, Nicole R. Falkowski, Gary B. Huffnagle, John R. Erb-Downward, Robert P. Dickson, Beth B. Moore, David N. O'Dwyer
Summary: The absence of toll-like receptors results in altered lung microbiota with changes in community composition, reduced diversity, and bacterial burden. Co-housing wild-type mice with toll-like receptor-deficient mice for 3 weeks did not significantly affect the composition of the lung microbiome. Toll-like receptor signaling plays a role in shaping lung microbiota.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)