Article
Economics
Pei Yu, Zhengfang Cai, Yongping Sun
Summary: Unbalanced climate policy constraints lead to carbon leakage, seriously damaging the global climate governance process. Developing countries are facing a more urgent issue of carbon leakage through investment. China's pilot emissions trading systems have accelerated outward direct investment depth and breadth, while the Belt and Road Initiative has facilitated carbon leakage.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Huarong Peng, Shaozhou Qi, Jingbo Cui
Summary: The study shows that China's carbon emission trading scheme contributes to a reduction in carbon emissions and an improvement in energy efficiency, especially in regions using benchmarking allowance allocation. However, the scheme has minimal impacts on employment and returns on assets.
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mairead Connolly, Yuli Shan, Benedikt Bruckner, Ruoqi Li, Klaus Hubacek
Summary: A good understanding of household carbon emissions is crucial for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. In developing countries, there are significant disparities in carbon footprints between urban and rural areas, with urban dwellers having higher per capita emissions. Electricity consumption and transportation are major contributors to carbon emissions across all income groups.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Economics
Guangcheng Ma, Jiahong Qin, Yumeng Zhang
Summary: How developing countries can effectively promote cities' carbon emission reduction through the carbon emission trading system (ETS) is a topic worthy of attention in the global carbon reduction campaign. Policy changes in China's ETS provide a unique opportunity to measure whether ETS impacts carbon emissions through two-way FDI. The study finds that the ETS pilot policy's emission reduction policy significantly inhibited pilot cities' carbon emissions through two-way FDI, with the positive effects of technical effect and scale effect being relatively large.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jing-Yue Liu, Yue-Jun Zhang
Summary: This study evaluates the impact of China's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) on non-fossil energy development using a difference-in-differences model. The results show that the ETS has significantly promoted the development of non-fossil energy in China, with a greater impact observed with higher carbon prices.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hua-Rong Peng, Jingbo Cui, Xiaoling Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the impact of China's carbon emission trading scheme (CETS) on marginal abatement cost (MAC) from the perspective of alternative allowance allocation methods. The findings reveal that CETS has a significant influence on the cost-effectiveness of regulated industrial sectors, and different allocation methods have varying effects on MAC.
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
G. Gungor, R. Sari
Summary: This study reviews the literature on the integration of nuclear power and climate policy, finding that there are trade-offs between national energy and climate plans and inter-regional cooperation, as well as between depoliticization of nuclear power and citizen engagement. The study recommends further research on inter-regional cooperation and citizen engagement to assess the ineffective role of nuclear power in climate policy integration.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Elvis Korku Avenyo, Fiona Tregenna
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of technology intensity across manufacturing industries on carbon dioxide emissions and finds that medium- and high-technology manufacturing industries have lower emissions than low-technology manufacturing industries. The differences in emissions also vary based on the income levels of countries. These findings have important implications for developing countries in achieving environmentally sustainable industrialization.
Article
Environmental Studies
Yang Guo, Luwei Zhao, Congcong Zhang
Summary: The research examines the relationship between economic growth, carbon emissions, fossil fuel consumption, renewable energy consumption, and tourism development in 40 developing Asian countries from 2000 to 2021 using panel VAR analysis. The findings support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for economic growth in industry and services sectors. The study also reveals bi-directional linkages between economic growth and tourism development, supporting both the Tourism-led growth and Economic Lead Tourism Growth hypotheses. The growth rates of all variables in the previous period positively impact carbon emissions, while the growth rate of the green energy index negatively affects carbon emissions in Asian developing economies. The research suggests developing green financing markets and promoting green culture as practical policies.
Article
Development Studies
Ozge Demiral, Mehmet Demiral, Emine Dilara Aktekin-Gok
Summary: This study investigates the impact of imports from non-European countries on per capita consumption-based carbon emissions in European countries. The results reveal a positive association between extra-imports share and carbon emissions, indicating the occurrence of carbon leakage. Additionally, the study finds that increasing the supply of renewable energy contributes to decarbonization efforts, while population density does not have a significant influence.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xiongfeng Pan, Chenxi Pu, Sai Yuan, Haitao Xu
Summary: This paper examines the impact of China's pilot carbon emission trading scheme (CETS) on the total factor productivity (TFP) of enterprises, and discusses the mediating role of government participation and carbon trading market efficiency. The study finds that CETS has a significant positive effect on enterprises' TFP, which has been maintained for six years. It also shows that government participation and carbon trading market efficiency moderate the positive impact of CETS on TFP.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Economics
Yafei Wang, Meng Liao, Yafei Wang, Lixiao Xu, Arunima Malik
Summary: The study found that foreign direct investment has a certain promoting effect on carbon emissions in China, but there is also a diminishing effect; emissions trading system has a significant negative impact on carbon emissions, reducing the increase caused by FDI; however, the ETS cannot significantly influence the process where FDI affects emissions through energy intensity.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jiangnan Li, Tian Mao, Guanglei Huang, Wenmeng Zhao, Tao Wang
Summary: In the context of carbon trading marketization in the power system, it is important to study a scientific and effective carbon emission quota allocation strategy. This study proposes a day-ahead optimal scheduling method considering carbon emission quotas and carbon trading, by constructing carbon transaction cost models and redistributing baseline emission factor weights using the entropy method. The model aims to minimize the total cost of the system during the scheduling period and is solved as an MINLP problem using MATLAB and CPLEX. Simulation results validate the proposed method's accuracy and effectiveness.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yige Qiu, Mei Zhang, Mengjie Fan, Shanshan Liu
Summary: This study examines the impact of carbon trading pilot policy (CTPP) on carbon emissions (CO2) and air pollution (Ap) using the difference in differences method (DID) utilizing panel data from 30 Chinese areas spanning from 2008 to 2020. The results indicate that CTPP implementation can effectively decrease CO2 and Ap. CTPP can reduce CO2 and Ap through positive incentive effects that promote industrial structure upgrading and drive technological progress. Moreover, CTPP exhibits significant regional variation, with CTPP significantly reducing CO2 in both the eastern and central and western regions. CTPP do not show an effective reduction in Ap in the eastern region, while effectively reduce Ap in central and western regions.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Economics
Ling-Yun He, Kun-Xian Chen
Summary: This study uses data from ETS pilot firms and China's Administrative Registration Database to examine carbon leakage in conglomerates. The results show that ETS leads to carbon transfer from pilot firms to their production-connected firms, resulting in improved carbon emissions and emission intensity in these firms. Further analysis reveals that carbon leakage occurs through various channels such as output, investment, labor, and energy consumption. The study also finds that carbon leakage tends to be transferred to regions with low environmental regulations and labor costs. Overall, the study highlights the need for accurate assessment of the impact of ETS on carbon reduction.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Michal Wojewodzki, Yigang Wei, Tsun Se Cheong, Xunpeng Shi
Summary: Based on the analysis of data from 217 countries between 2000 and 2016, this study finds that, with a few exceptions, countries with different levels of urbanization and agrarian orientation tend to converge in terms of relative carbon intensity and per capita carbon emissions. The study also proposes a "policy priority list" that identifies high carbon emitters with a high probability of further deviation from the global average in the coming years.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ke Wang, Zhixin Wang, Yujiao Xian, Xunpeng Shi, Jian Yu, Kuishuang Feng, Klaus Hubacek, Yi-Ming Wei
Summary: Despite the lack of official documentation on the determination of the current sectoral coverage plan and preferred sectoral rollout plan of China's ETS, this study suggests a priority list of industries to be included. Using a comprehensive database, we estimate marginal abatement cost curves for over 500 four-digit industries, which account for more than 97% of industrial emissions. Our analysis highlights the cement industry as the next sector to be included in China's ETS, with potential cost reductions of 39.5-78.3% compared to the business-as-usual scenario.
Article
Business
Zhuangxiong Yu, Jiajia Cheng, Xunpeng Shi, Yang Yang
Summary: This paper investigates the impact of the go-with-the-flow export strategy on corporate environmental performance (CEP) and finds that it increases firms' pollution emissions. However, this effect is only found in small and domestic-owned firms. Additionally, the go-with-the-flow export strategy could lead to a conservative production strategy and low survival pressure, limiting firms' clean innovation and sustainable production.
BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Changyu Liu, Yadong Song, Wei Wang, Xunpeng Shi
Summary: Greenwashing seriously undermines efforts towards a low carbon economy and distorts information on green products, including electric vehicles. This study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model to explore the governance of greenwashing behaviors based on interactions among manufacturers, certification authorities, and governments. The results show that the initial strategy selection is critical, reward and punishment mechanisms affect decision-making speed, and related costs are crucial factors. The paper provides theoretical explanations for greenwashing, suggestions for preventing manufacturers' greenwashing, and insights into an effective governance model for electric vehicles.
Article
Economics
Weilu Meng, Gecheng Yuan, Yongping Sun
Summary: The expansion of social networks has a significant impact on household carbon emissions (HCEs) by increasing consumption quantity and upgrading consumption structure based on status-seeking comparison behavior. The effects of social network expansion on HCEs vary depending on the household income level and characteristics of household heads (age and education level). Adjusting consumer behavior through expanding social networks, cultivating green consumption concepts, and promoting low-carbon products can be important strategies in mitigating HCEs.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
An Pan, Yaoyao Qin, Han Li, Wenna Zhang, Xunpeng Shi
Summary: This paper uses balanced panel data of 260 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2016 and a quasi-natural experiment of the Pollution Information Transparency Index (PITI) project implemented in 110 prefecture-level cities in 2009 to investigate the FDI attraction effect of environmental information disclosure (EID). The results show that EID significantly promotes the inflow of FDI in cities, and this effect is stronger with increasing disclosure extent. EID has a siphon effect on FDI, meaning cities with better EID attract more FDI than their neighbors, intensifying competition among cities with similar characteristics.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hongyang Yu, Jiajun Xu, Hui Hu, Xunpeng Shi, Jinchao Wang, Yanli Liu
Summary: Green technology innovation (GTI) and environmental regulation (ER) play a key role in promoting industrial structure transformation. This study uses regional panel data from China to explore the impact of GTI on industrial structure optimization (OIS) and rationalization (RIS) under different ERs. The results show that GTI has heterogeneous effects on OIS and RIS, influenced by environmental regulation and regional characteristics. Additionally, command-controlled environmental regulation (CER) has a significant inhibitory effect on OIS. The study also finds significant threshold effects of ERs on OIS and RIS, indicating heterogeneity. Strengthening GTI is necessary to promote regional coordination and cooperation for green industrial transformation.
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
(2023)
Article
Economics
Dongmei Guo, Qin Li, Peng Liu, Xunpeng Shi, Jian Yu
Summary: Extreme climate events and renewable energy development pose challenges to the reliability of power supply, which is crucial for high-quality economic development and firms' production and operation. This study examines the relationship between power shortage and firm productivity in China by constructing a city-level power shortage index using the text analysis approach. The findings suggest that power shortage reduces the likelihood, quantity, and quality of firms' R&D investment and has a detrimental impact on their total factor productivity (TFP). However, the impact on TFP is relatively smaller for large- and medium-sized firms, export-oriented firms, and state-owned firms compared to others. The results remain robust to alternative measures of power shortage.
Article
Political Science
Ming Chen, Dan Yu, Xunpeng Shi, Ke Wang
Summary: The Chinese government has set clear targets of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality to address the climate crisis. Regional efforts are crucial in meeting China's commitment to peak CO2 emissions before 2030. However, the current emission reduction strategy has led to increased emission transfers among provinces, resulting in some provinces peaking later than others. If these transfers did not exist, China's nationwide carbon peaking time would be earlier and at a lower level. The switch to the emission transfer mode from 2012 to 2017 has also made carbon peaking more challenging in China. Applying the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and avoiding competition among local governments is suggested.
CHINESE POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jian Yu, Peng Liu, Dahai Fu, Xunpeng Shi
Summary: Power shortages have a significant positive impact on firms' carbon dioxide emission intensity, and this impact is mediated by technological innovation, energy intensity, and productivity. This implies that power shortages not only hinder economic growth but also inhibit China's green and low-carbon transition. These findings have important implications for policymakers.
Article
Economics
Yanfang Zhang, Qi Gao, Jinpeng Wei, Xunpeng Shi, Dequn Zhou
Summary: The implementation of China's energy-consumption permit trading scheme (ECPTS) is aimed at accelerating energy transition towards carbon neutrality. However, its impacts on the economy and environment have not been well studied. A DSGE model is used to estimate the macroeconomic effect of the ECPTS, showing that it achieves environmental benefits in the short term but fails to achieve the expected economic effects. Combining the ECPTS with carbon tax can partially mitigate its negative impact on output, but long-term loss of social welfare is inevitable due to labor transfer costs. A low-carbon energy structure may weaken the macroeconomic effect of the ECPTS.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xunwen Zhao, Hailin Mu, Nan Li, Xunpeng Shi, Chaonan Chen, Hongye Wang
Summary: An integrated energy system consisting of wind turbines and a hydrogen refueling station is proposed to simulate future scenarios and meet cooling, heating, power, and hydrogen demands. The system's modeled calculations consider equipment capacity, annual operation, and optimization objectives regarding total annual costs. Performance evaluations of the system are based on the study's results. Increasing the scale of wind turbines (0-10) improves economics, energy consumption, and carbon emissions. Energy utilization and wind power utilization are above 66.79% and 99.73%, respectively. The on-off coefficient of the power generation unit affects energy efficiency. With 5 turbines, the system can self-produce 91% of hydrogen with minimal energy redundancy. ©2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wei Tang, Yu Cheng, Yulan Jian, Yongping Sun, Jie Xiao, Li Yi, Hengyi Zhang, Tianlu Xu, Yonghao Zhang, Jing Liu, Hui Wan, Linkun Xie
Summary: A novel two-step synergetic strategy using an eco-friendly methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) was proposed for preparing superhydrophobic wood via an immersion-spraying method. The wood samples were first immersed in MTMS solution and then sprayed with pre-condensed MTMS-based oligomeric species. The resulting superhydrophobic wood exhibited excellent water resistance, dimensional stability, surface durability, and self-cleaning properties. This study provides a new reference for superhydrophobic modification of 3D porous materials.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pei Yu, Zhengfang Cai, Feng Jiang, Yongping Sun
Summary: The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle industry is crucial for China to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 and enhance its international competitiveness in the new energy vehicle sector. This study proposes a framework to assess the leading position in China's innovation network of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and examines the factors influencing this position. By analyzing 3528 patents from 254 Chinese and foreign innovators, we construct China's hydrogen fuel cell vehicle innovation network and evaluate the positions of innovators within it. The findings demonstrate the formation of an innovation cluster in China's hydrogen fuel cell vehicle network and highlight the importance of industry-university-research cooperation.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Economics
Jian Yu, Peng Liu, Xunpeng Shi, Xianneng Ai
Summary: China's national emissions trading scheme (ETS) pilots have successfully reduced carbon emissions intensity and total carbon emissions for firms by 4.3% and 7.5%, respectively. The reduction is achieved through firms' increased investment in research and development (R&D). The study also reveals variations in emissions reduction among firms of different sizes, leverage ratios, and ownership. To fully realize the potential of the ETS pilots, the government should expand coverage and enhance liquidity in the carbon market.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND POLICY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shitong Fang, Houfan Du, Tao Yan, Keyu Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoqing Ma, Zhihui Lai, Shengxi Zhou
Summary: This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear VIV energy harvester (ANVEH) that compensates for the decrease in peak energy output at low wind speeds by introducing an auxiliary structure. Theoretical and experimental results show that ANVEH performs better than traditional nonlinear VIV energy harvesters under various system parameter variations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Jiang, Shuo Zhang, Teng Wang, Yufei Zhang, Aimin Sha, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan
Summary: A standardized method was developed to evaluate the availability of solar energy resources in road areas, which combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). By analyzing critical factors and using a multi-indicator evaluation method, the method accurately evaluated the utilization of solar energy resources and guided the optimal location selection for road photovoltaic (PV) projects. The results provided guidance for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide, promoting the integration of transportation and energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chang Liu, Jacob A. Wrubel, Elliot Padgett, Guido Bender
Summary: The study investigates the effects of coating defects on the performance of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) in water electrolyzers. The results show that an increasing fraction of uncoated regions on the PTL leads to decreased cell performance, with continuous uncoated regions having a more severe impact compared to multiple thin uncoated strips.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marcos Tostado-Veliz, Xiaolong Jin, Rohit Bhakar, Francisco Jurado
Summary: In this paper, a coordinated charging price mechanism for clusters of parking lots is proposed. The research shows that enabling vehicle-to-grid characteristics can bring significant economic benefits for users and the cluster coordinator, and vehicle-to-grid impacts noticeably on the risk-averse character of the uncertainty-aware strategies. The developed pricing mechanism can reduce the cost for users, avoiding to directly translate the energy cost to charging points.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Duan Kang
Summary: Building an energy superpower is a key strategy for China and a long-term goal for other countries. This study proposes an evaluation system and index for measuring energy superpower, and finds that China has significantly improved its ranking over the past 21 years, surpassing other countries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fucheng Deng, Yifei Wang, Xiaosen Li, Gang Li, Yi Wang, Bin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic blockage mechanism of sand and hydrate in gravel filling layer and the evolution of permeability in the layer. Experimental models and modified permeability models were established to analyze the effects of sand particles and hydrate formation on permeability. The study provided valuable insights for the safe and efficient exploitation of hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Wang, Xiwen Chen, Natan Vital, Edward Duffy, Abolfazl Razi
Summary: This study proposes a HVAC energy optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. It achieves 37% energy savings and ensures thermal comfort for open office buildings. The model has a low complexity, uses a few controllable factors, and has a short training time with good generalizability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Moyue Cong, Yongzhuo Gao, Weidong Wang, Long He, Xiwang Mao, Yi Long, Wei Dong
Summary: This study introduces a multi-strategy ultra-wideband energy harvesting device that achieves high power output without the need for external power input. By utilizing asymmetry, stagger array, magnetic coupling, and nonlinearity strategies, the device maintains a stable output voltage and high power density output at non-resonant frequencies. Temperature and humidity monitoring are performed using Bluetooth sensors to adaptively assess the device.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tianshu Dong, Xiudong Duan, Yuanyuan Huang, Danji Huang, Yingdong Luo, Ziyu Liu, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Chaolong Song
Summary: Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for hydrogen production, and improving the hydrogen separation rate from the electrode is essential for enhancing water electrolyzer performance. However, issues such as air bubble adhesion to the electrode plate hinder the process. Therefore, a methodology to investigate the two-phase flow within the electrolyzer is in high demand. This study proposes using a microfluidic system as a simulator for the electrolyzer and optimizing the two-phase flow by manipulating the micro-structure of the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Yifan Yuan, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Jakub Jurasz
Summary: Giving full play to the flexibility of hydropower and integrating more variable renewable energy is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of China's power energy system. This study proposes a novel day-ahead scheduling model that considers the flexibility limited by irregular vibration zones (VZs) and the probability of flexibility shortage in a hydropower-variable renewable energy hybrid generation system. The model is applied to a real hydropower station and effectively improves the flexibility supply capacity of hydropower, especially during heavy load demand in flood season.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhen Wang, Kangqi Fan, Shizhong Zhao, Shuxin Wu, Xuan Zhang, Kangjia Zhai, Zhiqi Li, Hua He
Summary: This study developed a high-performance rotary energy harvester (AI-REH) inspired by archery, which efficiently accumulates and releases ultralow-frequency vibration energy. By utilizing a magnetic coupling strategy and an accumulator spring, the AI-REH achieves significantly accelerated rotor speeds and enhanced electric outputs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yi Yang, Qianyi Xing, Kang Wang, Caihong Li, Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel hybrid Quantile Regression (QR) model is proposed for Probabilistic Load Forecasting (PLF). The model integrates causal dilated convolution, residual connection, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for multi-scale feature extraction. In addition, a Combined Probabilistic Load Forecasting System (CPLFS) is proposed to overcome the inherent flaws of relying on a single model. Simulation results show that the hybrid QR outperforms traditional models and CPLFS exceeds the best benchmarks in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wen-Jiang Zou, Young-Bae Kim, Seunghun Jung
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic prediction model for capacity fade in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The model accurately predicts changes in electrolyte volume and capacity fade, enhancing the competitiveness of VRFBs in energy storage applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuechao Ma, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Guizhen Tian, Jianwei Zhang, Ruiming Liu
Summary: This paper focuses on the balance of state of charge (SOC) among multiple battery energy storage units (MBESUs) and bus voltage balance in an islanded bipolar DC microgrid. A SOC automatic balancing strategy is proposed considering the energy flow relationship and utilizing the adaptive virtual resistance algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in achieving SOC balancing and decreasing bus voltage unbalance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Raad Z. Homod, Basil Sh. Munahi, Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed, Musatafa Abbas Abbood Albadr, Aissa Abderrahmane, Jasim M. Mahdi, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, A. S. Albahri, Hussein Togun, Umar F. Alqsair, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Summary: In this study, the control problem of the multiple-boiler system (MBS) is formulated as a dynamic Markov decision process and a deep clustering reinforcement learning approach is applied to obtain the optimal control policy. The proposed strategy, based on bang-bang action, shows superior response and achieves more than 32% energy saving compared to conventional fixed parameter controllers under dynamic indoor/outdoor actual conditions.
