Pharmacological management of sleep after traumatic brain injury

Sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) are prevalent in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) population and may exacerbate related neurobehavioral impairments. As such, it is important to recognize and treat SWD early to allow for optimal cognitive recovery following a TBI. A number of medications are currently available for treatment of SWD. However, most research in this area has historically focused on neurologically intact populations. This article reviews key pharmacologic treatment principles and agents to consider for use in the treatment of TBI-related SWD. In addition, it highlights available research literature that has examined the use of sleep medications in this unique population.