Probing inhibition mechanisms of adenosine deaminase by using molecular dynamics simulations

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyzes the deamination of adenosine, which is important in purine metabolism. ADA is ubiquitous to almost all human tissues, and ADA abnormalities have been reported in various diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. ADA can be divided into two conformations based on the inhibitor that it binds to: open and closed forms. Here, we chose three ligands, namely, FR117016 (FRO), FR221647 (FR2) (open form), and HDPR (PRH, closed form), to investigate the inhibition mechanism of ADA and its effect on ADA through molecular dynamics simulations. In open forms, Egap and electrostatic potential (ESP) indicated that electron transfer might occur more easily in FRO than in FR2. Binding free energy and hydrogen bond occupation revealed that the ADA-FRO complex had a more stable structure than ADA-FR2. The probability of residues Pro159 to Lys171 of ADA-FRO and ADA-FR2 to form a helix moderately increased compared with that in nonligated ADA. In comparison with FRO and FR2 PRH could maintain ADA in a closed form to inhibit the function of ADA. The alpha 7 helix (residues Thr57 to Ala73) of ADA in the closed form was mostly unfastened because of the effect of PRH. The number of H bonds and the relative superiority of the binding free energy indicated that the binding strength of PRH to ADA was significantly lower than that of an open inhibitor, thereby supporting the comparison of the inhibitory activities of the three ligands. Alanine scanning results showed that His17, Gly184, Asp295, and Asp296 exerted the greatest effects on protein energy, suggesting that they played crucial roles in binding to inhibitors. This study served as a theoretical basis for the development of new ADA inhibitors.