Effect of fire retardants on mechanical properties of a green bio-epoxy composite

To improve fire retardant behavior of bio-epoxy resin, composites were prepared with three fire retardants (FRs); ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum trihydrate, and magnesium hydroxide. Fractured surfaces of prepared composites were observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tensile strength and Charpy toughness were evaluated and analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to determine the thermal stability. SEM analysis results revealed fractured surfaces were altered with addition of FRs. Adding FRs can be regarded as a decrease in tensile strength and toughness complemented by improved stiffness. ANOVA analysis showed FR/bio-resin composites have a statistically significant loss in tensile strength, stiffness, elongation, and Charpy toughness. The DSC results showed the glass transition temperature was not affected significantly by adding FRs and ranged from 66 to 69 degrees C. TGA showed the initial, midway, and maximum decomposition temperatures for composites and their ability to form improved ash yields compared to pure resin. Aluminum trihydrate and Mg(OH)(2) had higher T-50 suggesting an increase in thermal stability compared to pure bio-epoxy. (c) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47398.