What Is in Your Beet Juice? Nitrate and Nitrite Content of Beet Juice Products Marketed to Athletes

Consumption of beetroot juice (BRJ) supplements has become popular among athletes because beets tend to be rich in nitrate (NO3-) which can enhance exercise performance by increasing nitric oxide production. The NO3- content of beets can vary significantly, however, making it difficult to know how much NO(3)(- )any product actually contains. Samples from 45 different lots of 24 different BRJ products from 21 different companies were therefore analyzed for NO3- (and nitrite [NO2-]) concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography. The NO(3)(- )and NO2- content (i.e., amount per serving) was then calculated based on either (a) the manufacturer's recommended serving size (for prepackaged/single dose products) or (b) as used in previous studies, a volume of 500 ml (for BRJ sold in bulk containers). There was moderate-to-large variability in NO3- content between samples of the same product, with a mean coefficient of variation of 30% +/- 26% (range 2-83%). There was even greater variability between products, with a similar to 50-fold range in NO(3)(- )content between the lowest and highest. Only five products consistently provided >= 5 mmol of NO3-/serving, which seems to be the minimal dose required to enhance exercise performance in most individuals. NO2- contents were generally low (i.e., <= 0.5% compared with NO3-), although two products contained 10% and 14%. The results of this study may be useful to athletes and their support staff contemplating which (if any) BRJ product to utilize. These data may also offer insight into variability in the literature with respect to the effects of BRJ on exercise performance.