Article
Energy & Fuels
Omar Chaabi, Mohammed Al Kobaisi, Mohamed Haroun
Summary: The study shows that low salinity waterflooding can significantly increase oil recovery at laboratory scale, and provides a theoretical basis for this effect by extracting reliable relative permeability curves from experimental data.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ahmed M. S. Elgendy, Giovanni M. Porta
Summary: Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) has advantages in enhanced oil recovery, with reservoir temperature and ion concentration being the most significant factors in LSW performance, while mineral composition has a limited impact. Reservoir fluid composition and temperature should be prioritized in future experimental campaigns to better understand their influence on LSW under different reservoir conditions.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ahmed M. Selem, Nicolas Agenet, Martin J. Blunt, Branko Bijeljic
Summary: In this study, the underlying pore-scale mechanisms of the low salinity waterflooding process were investigated to understand its impact on oil recovery. The experiments revealed that the injection of low salinity brine improved the wettability of the reservoir rock, leading to the formation of water micro-droplets within the oil phase and detachment of oil layers from the rock surface.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arman Darvish Sarvestani, Behzad Rostami, Hassan Mahani
Summary: The paper experimentally demonstrates that adding a small amount of polymer to low-salinity brine can significantly suppress salt dispersion and reduce dispersivity. Analytical results indicate that polymer concentration and salinity of high-salinity brine are the main factors affecting dispersivity.
Article
Energy & Fuels
M. Fouad Snosy, Mahmoud Abu El Ela, Ahmed El-Banbi, Helmy Sayyouh
Summary: This study reviewed the impact of water composition on oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs, finding that the water composition is crucial for successful waterflooding projects. Optimum water composition can improve oil recovery up to 30% in the secondary recovery stage. Additionally, changing water salinity from low salinity waterflooding to high salinity waterflooding can lead to an incremental oil recovery of up to 18% in the tertiary recovery stage.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Daniel Isong Otu Egbe, Ashkan Jahanbani Ghahfarokhi, Menad Nait Amar, Ole Torsaeter
Summary: Low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) has been studied for its impact on ion exchange and wettability alteration in carbonate cores to improve oil recovery. The results show wettability alteration is crucial for the increased oil recovery during LSWF, with sensitivity analysis on key parameters performed for process optimization.
NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yafei Liu, Erica Block, Jeff Squier, John Oakey
Summary: Glass micromodels with arbitrary triangular cross sections were successfully fabricated using femtosecond pulsed laser direct writing, allowing for more accurate recapitulation of geological porous media. The study investigated the impact of different brine solutions on displacement behavior during waterflooding to simulate the low salinity effect. Results showed that produced emulsions were prone to coalesce in the presence of lower salinity brine.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mohammadreza Poshtpanah, Arman Darvish Sarvestani, Hassan Mahani, Behzad Rostami
Summary: By adding partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer to the injection low-salinity (LS) brine, the negative effect of in situ mixing with the resident high-salinity (HS) brine can be efficiently mitigated in low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF). Microfluidic experiments in granular porous media were conducted to directly observe the impact of polymer concentration, injection rate, and heterogeneity on salt dispersion. The results show that polymer-enhanced low-salinity waterflooding (PELS) can improve the displacement of HS brine and reduce the required pore volume of LS to establish low-salinity condition in the porous medium.
TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Prashant Jadhawar, Motaz Saeed
Summary: This work models the flooding processes of low salinity waterflooding and low salinity polymer flooding in sandstone reservoirs at nano-and macro-scales. It utilizes triple-layer surface complexation models to simulate interactions at the oil-brine and sandstone-brine interfaces, and applies the DLVO theory to describe the stability of interfacial films. The study proposes the use of the maximum energy barrier as an upscaling and interpolant parameter to adjust relative permeability curves, and uses numerical simulations to evaluate the performance of the flooding processes in sandstone reservoirs. The results show that low salinity polymer flooding gives higher oil recovery compared to standard polymer flooding due to its utilization of wettability alteration and improved mobility control.
GEOENERGY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Kata Kurgyis, Johannes Hommel, Bernd Flemisch, Rainer Helmig, Holger Ott
Summary: Understanding the influence of injection water composition on displacement efficiency is essential for enhanced oil recovery in reservoir engineering. This study implemented two potential mechanisms in a flow simulator to explicitly describe low-salinity effects, aiming to design and interpret experiments, and upscale results. Results indicated a minimum required core length and characteristic fingerprint in chemical water composition changes for identifying the leading low-salinity mechanism.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Rashida Salimova, Peyman Pourafshary, Lei Wang
Summary: Low salinity water injection in carbonates has the potential to improve oil recovery, although the exact relationship between controlling parameters and its effects is still uncertain. Data analysis approaches, including linear regression and machine learning models, were used to study the correlations between oil/brine parameters and the incremental recovery factor. Decision tree model showed the best correlation among the machine learning models, highlighting the complex nonlinear relationships involved in LSW effect.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nilesh Kumar Jha, Anastasia Ivanova, Maxim Lebedev, Ahmed Barifcani, Alexey Cheremisin, Stefan Iglauer, Jitendra S. Sangwai, Mohammad Sarmadivaleh
Summary: The study reveals that ZrO2 nanoparticles and CTAB surfactant can alter rock surface wettability and reduce interfacial tension of CO2 saturated aqueous phase under low salinity conditions.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Soumitra B. Nande, Samarth D. Patwardhan
Summary: Low salinity waterflooding has become an important method for additional oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs in recent years. However, existing literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This paper provides a detailed review and analysis of research on low salinity waterflooding in carbonates, and offers a roadmap for future research in the field.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Priyadarshini Bhicajee, L. Romero-Zeron
Summary: Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) is a promising enhanced oil recovery process that alters the wettability of rocks to improve production. This study evaluated the effect of different flooding schemes on LSW performance and identified multi-component ionic exchange as the dominant mechanism for wettability alteration during the recovery of heavy oil from unconsolidated sands.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Seyed Emad Siadatifar, Mobeen Fatemi, Mohsen Masihi
Summary: The study found that Low Salinity Waterflooding has varying effectiveness on different rock types in an oil field. LSWF causes diminutive saturation redistribution under water-wet conditions, while it is highly effective under oil-wet conditions. Measured IFT and contact angles cannot explain the observed LSE, and the formation of visco-elastic interface may be the dominating mechanism in oil-wet systems.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chenhao Sun, James McClure, Steffen Berg, Peyman Mostaghimi, Ryan T. Armstrong
Summary: This article proposes a universal description of wetting on multiscale surfaces through the combination of integral geometry and thermodynamic laws. The theoretical framework is presented and applied to different limiting cases. Simulations of fluid droplets on structurally rough and chemically heterogeneous surfaces are conducted to explore the wetting behavior. The findings reveal the origin of classical wetting models within the proposed framework.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Eseosa M. Ekanem, Steffen Berg, Shauvik De, Ali Fadili, Paul Luckham
Summary: Flow of complex fluids in porous structures plays a crucial role in various biological and industrial processes. The occurrence of elastic turbulence, an instability arising from the coupling between fluid rheology and flow geometry, is common and significant in such applications, leading to an over-proportional increase in pressure drop and distortion of the flow field. Efforts have been made to predict the onset of elastic turbulence in flow geometries with constrictions, but the existing methods have limitations in capturing the flow perturbations accurately.
TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Catherine Spurin, Maja Rucker, Marcel Moura, Tom Bultreys, Gaetano Garfi, Steffen Berg, Martin J. Blunt, Samuel Krevor
Summary: Understanding the interaction between competing fluids in rocks is crucial for predicting underground flow and trapping. This study explores the temporal scales during steady-state multiphase flow in a porous carbonate rock, revealing a cascade of timescales and a scaling of spectral density with frequency.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
A. Pourakaberian, H. Mahani, V. Niasar
Summary: This study investigates the influence of nanoscale physicochemical heterogeneities at the rock/brine interface on low-salinity waterflooding. The results show that surface roughness and surface charge heterogeneity have significant effects on electrodiffusion and electrostatic disjoining pressure. Additionally, the effect of surface charge heterogeneity is more pronounced under low salinity conditions, while the effect of surface roughness is more pronounced under high salinity conditions.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arman Darvish Sarvestani, Behzad Rostami, Hassan Mahani
Summary: This study investigates the impact of injection parameters on the performance of polymer-enhanced low-salinity waterflooding (PELS), revealing that adding a small amount of polymer can reduce salt dispersivity, higher injection rates intensify salt dispersivity, and the dependence of dispersivity on injection rate increases with salinity difference. Empirical and mathematical models were developed to predict the required volume of PELS. The results highlight the importance of PELS in enhancing the performance of formation brine displacement during low-salinity waterflooding and addressing the negative impact of salt dispersion.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Samaneh Vahid Dastjerdi, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, S. Majid Hassanizadeh, Holger Steeb
Summary: This study investigates the combination of two extended continuum theories for two-phase flow through experimental microfluidic experiments. The results show that discriminating between connected and disconnected phases and considering interfacial area as a separate state variable is an effective way of modeling hysteresis in two-phase flow.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hamid Heydarzadeh Darzi, Mahdieh Fouji, Reyhaneh Ghorbani Heidarabad, Hamed Aghaei, Seyed Hasan Hajiabadi, Pavel Bedrikovetsky, Hassan Mahani
Summary: In this study, novel nanocomposite materials were synthesized and used to make nano-based drilling fluids (NDFs) to evaluate their performance in reducing formation damage caused by water-based drilling fluids. The results showed that the nanocomposites can effectively achieve water-clay separation and reduce the degree of formation damage.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Senyou An, Yuting Zhan, Hassan Mahani, Vahid Niasar
Summary: In this study, an advanced model is proposed to investigate the dynamics of droplet detachment from a surface, taking into account the impact of buoyancy and interfacial forces. The results demonstrate that the detachment time of droplets is not only determined by the Bond number, but also influenced by the diffusion length scale.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Mithushan Soundaranathan, Mohammed Al-Sharabi, Thomas Sweijen, Prince Bawuah, J. Axel Zeitler, S. Majid Hassanizadeh, Kendal Pitt, Blair F. Johnston, Daniel Markl
Summary: The study investigates the changes in the pore structure during pharmaceutical tablet disintegration. Experimental and modeling results demonstrate that the highest concentration of croscarmellose sodium (CCS) leads to the lowest swelling behavior due to pore closure. This study provides new insights into the impact of porosity and formulations on tablet performance.
Article
Water Resources
Catherine Spurin, Ryan T. Armstrong, James McClure, Steffen Berg
Summary: For multi-phase flow through multi-scale heterogeneous porous media, the interaction between multiple immiscible fluids and an intricate network of pores creates a wide range of dynamic flow phenomena. Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is proven to be a useful diagnostic tool for complex 4D flow dynamics, as it can reproduce saturation data and identify important spatial and temporal scales for flow.
ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ali Balavi, Hassan Mahani, Shahab Ayatollahi
Summary: In this study, a new experimental protocol was developed to investigate the destabilization effect of brine salinity and calcite rock presence on asphaltene in an emulsified system. The results showed that asphaltene became more unstable when in contact with brine, and the presence of solid calcite particles increased asphaltene deposition in the emulsified system.
Article
Environmental Sciences
J. Jayaraj, N. Seetha, S. Majid Hassanizadeh
Summary: Pore-network models are powerful tools for studying particle transport in complex porous media and investigating the role of interfaces. In this study, a 3D mathematical model is developed to simulate the transport and retention of nanoparticles within a single partially saturated pore. The model considers particle deposition at various interfaces and identifies the major retention site for particles.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Fatimah Al-Zubaidi, Peyman Mostaghimi, Yufu Niu, Ryan T. Armstrong, Gelareh Mohammadi, James E. McClure, Steffen Berg
Summary: Based on Darcy's law, the two-fluid flow is influenced by a relative permeability function of saturation, which is process or path dependent and has a dependency on pore structure and wettability. Determining the effective phase permeability relationships is crucial for various applications, but the traditional approach relies on time-consuming experiments for inverse modeling. This is due to the unsolved upscaling step from pore to Darcy scale, which connects the pore structure to hydraulic conductivities. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) based on geometric relationships is developed to predict the mechanical energy dissipation during creeping immiscible two-fluid flow, achieving an R2 value of 0.98 for 4500 unseen pore-scale geometrical states.
PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mohammadreza Poshtpanah, Arman Darvish Sarvestani, Hassan Mahani, Behzad Rostami
Summary: By adding partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer to the injection low-salinity (LS) brine, the negative effect of in situ mixing with the resident high-salinity (HS) brine can be efficiently mitigated in low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF). Microfluidic experiments in granular porous media were conducted to directly observe the impact of polymer concentration, injection rate, and heterogeneity on salt dispersion. The results show that polymer-enhanced low-salinity waterflooding (PELS) can improve the displacement of HS brine and reduce the required pore volume of LS to establish low-salinity condition in the porous medium.
TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Mahsa Shirazi, Hassan Mahani, Yousef Tamsilian, Ann Muggeridge, Mohsen Masihi
Summary: A comprehensive assessment and analysis of different water-based chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) methods is presented in this review paper. It critically reviews the technical, economical, surface, subsurface, and environmental challenges associated with CEOR, as well as the determining factors for success. The outcome of this integrated investigation can be used as a basis for the development of a holistic CEOR screening workflow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yingna Du, Chen Huang, Wei Jiang, Qiangwei Yan, Yongfei Li, Gang Chen
Summary: In this study, anionic surfactants modified hydrotalcite was used as a flow improver for crude oil under low-temperature conditions. The modified hydrotalcite showed a significant viscosity reduction effect on crude oil. The mechanism of the modified hydrotalcite on viscosity and pour point of crude oil was explored through characterization and analysis of the modified hydrotalcite and oil samples.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mohammad Saeid Rostami, Mohammad Mehdi Khodaei
Summary: In this study, a hybrid structure, MIL-53(Al)@MWCNT, was synthesized by combining MIL-53(Al) particles and -COOH functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The hybrid structure was then embedded in a polyethersulfone (PES) polymer matrix to prepare a mixed matrix membrane (MMM) for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation. The addition of MWCNTs prevented MIL-53(Al) aggregation, improved membrane mechanical properties, and enhanced gas separation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yunlong Li, Desheng Huang, Xiaomeng Dong, Daoyong Yang
Summary: This study develops theoretical and experimental techniques to determine the phase behavior and physical properties of DME/flue gas/water/heavy oil systems. Eight constant composition expansion (CCE) tests are conducted to obtain new experimental data. A thermodynamic model is used to accurately predict saturation pressure and swelling factors, as well as the phase boundaries of N2/heavy oil systems and DME/CO2/heavy oil systems, with high accuracy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Morteza Afkhamipour, Ebad Seifi, Arash Esmaeili, Mohammad Shamsi, Tohid N. Borhani
Summary: Non-conventional amines are being researched worldwide to overcome the limitations of traditional amines like MEA and MDEA. Adequate process and thermodynamic models are crucial for understanding the applicability and performance of these amines in CO2 absorption, but studies on process modeling for these amines are limited. This study used rate-based modeling and Deshmukh-Mather method to model CO2 absorption by DETA solution in a packed column, validated the model with experimental data, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of mass transfer correlations. The study also compared the CO2 absorption efficiency of DETA solution with an ionic solvent [bmim]-[PF6] and highlighted the importance of finding optimum operational parameters for maximum absorption efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arastoo Abdi, Mohamad Awarke, M. Reza Malayeri, Masoud Riazi
Summary: The utilization of smart water in EOR operations has gained attention, but more research is needed to understand the complex mechanisms involved. This study investigated the interfacial tension between smart water and crude oil, considering factors such as salt, pH, asphaltene type, and aged smart water. The results revealed that the hydration of ions in smart water plays a key role in its efficacy, with acidic and basic asphaltene acting as intrinsic surfactants. The pH also influenced the interfacial tension, and the aged smart water's interaction with crude oil depended on asphaltene type, salt, and salinity.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dongao Zhu, Kun Zhu, Lixian Xu, Haiyan Huang, Jing He, Wenshuai Zhu, Huaming Li, Wei Jiang
Summary: In this study, cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (Co-based MOFs) were used as supports and co-catalysts to confine the NHPI catalyst, solving the leaching issue. The NHPI@Co-MOF with carboxyl groups exhibited stronger acidity and facilitated the generation of active oxygen radicals O2•, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity. This research provides valuable insights into the selection of suitable organic linkers and broadens the research horizon of MOF hybrids in efficient oxidative desulfurization (ODS) applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Edwin G. Hoyos, Gloria Amo-Duodu, U. Gulsum Kiral, Laura Vargas-Estrada, Raquel Lebrero, Rail Munoz
Summary: This study investigated the impact of carbon-coated zero-valent nanoparticle concentration on photosynthetic biogas upgrading. The addition of nanoparticles significantly increased microalgae productivity and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation. The presence of nanoparticles also improved the quality of biomethane produced.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yao Xiao, Asma Leghari, Linfeng Liu, Fangchao Yu, Ming Gao, Lu Ding, Yu Yang, Xueli Chen, Xiaoyu Yan, Fuchen Wang
Summary: Iron is added as a flocculant in wastewater treatment and the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sludge produces wastewater containing Fe. This study investigates the effect of aqueous phase (AP) recycling on hydrochar properties, iron evolution and environmental assessment during HTC of sludge. The results show that AP recycling process improves the dewatering performance of hydrochar and facilitates the recovery of Fe from the liquid phase.
Article
Energy & Fuels
He Liang, Tao Wang, Zhenmin Luo, Jianliang Yu, Weizhai Yi, Fangming Cheng, Jingyu Zhao, Xingqing Yan, Jun Deng, Jihao Shi
Summary: This study investigated the influence of inhibitors (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and heptafluoropropane) on the lower flammability limit of hydrogen and determined the critical inhibitory concentration needed for complete suppression. The impact of inhibitors on explosive characteristics was evaluated, and the inhibitory mechanism was analyzed with chemical kinetics. The results showed that with the increase of inhibitor quantity, the lower flammability limit of hydrogen also increased. The research findings can contribute to the safe utilization of hydrogen energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zonghui Liu, Zhongze Zhang, Yali Zhou, Ziling Wang, Mingyang Du, Zhe Wen, Bing Yan, Qingxiang Ma, Na Liu, Bing Xue
Summary: In this study, high-performance solid catalysts based on phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Zr-SBA-15 were synthesized and evaluated for the one-pot conversion of furfural (FUR) to γ-valerolactone (GVL). The catalysts were characterized using various techniques, and the ratio of HPW and Zr was found to significantly affect the selectivity of GVL. The HPW/Zr-SBA-15 (2-4-15) catalyst exhibited the highest GVL yield (83%) under optimized reaction conditions, and it was determined that a balance between Bronsted acid sites (BAS) and Lewis acid sites (LAS) was crucial for achieving higher catalytic performance. The reaction parameters and catalyst stability were also investigated.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Michael Stoehr, Stephan Ruoff, Bastian Rauch, Wolfgang Meier, Patrick Le Clercq
Summary: As part of the global energy transition, an experimental study was conducted to understand the effects of different fuel properties on droplet vaporization for various conventional and alternative fuels. The study utilized a flow channel to measure the evolution of droplet diameters over time and distance. The results revealed the temperature-dependent effects of physical properties, such as boiling point, liquid density, and enthalpy of vaporization, and showed the complex interactions of preferential vaporization and temperature-dependent influences of physical properties for multi-component fuels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuan Zhuang, Ruikang Wu, Xinyan Wang, Rui Zhai, Changyong Gao
Summary: Through experimental validation and optimization of the chemical kinetic model, it was found that methanol can accelerate the oxidation reaction of ammonia, and methanol can be rapidly oxidized at high concentration. HO2 was found to generate a significant amount of OH radicals, facilitating the oxidation of methanol and ammonia. Rating: 7.5/10.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Radwan M. EL-Zohairy, Ahmed S. Attia, A. S. Huzayyin, Ahmed I. EL-Seesy
Summary: This paper presents a lab-scale experimental study on the impact of diethyl ether (DEE) as an additive to waste cooking oil biodiesel with Jet A-1 on combustion and emission features of a swirl-stabilized premixed flame. The addition of DEE to biodiesel significantly affects the flame temperature distribution and emissions. The W20D20 blend of DEE, biodiesel, and Jet A-1 shows similar flame temperature distribution to Jet A-1 and significantly reduces UHC, CO, and NOx emissions compared to Jet A-1.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jiang Bian, Ziyuan Zhao, Yang Liu, Ran Cheng, Xuerui Zang, Xuewen Cao
Summary: This study presents a novel method for ammonia separation using supersonic flow and develops a mathematical model to investigate the condensation phenomenon. The results demonstrate that the L-P nucleation model accurately characterizes the nucleation process of ammonia at low temperatures. Numerical simulations also show that increasing pressure and concentration can enhance ammonia condensation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shiyuan Pan, Xiaodan Shi, Beibei Dong, Jan Skvaril, Haoran Zhang, Yongtu Liang, Hailong Li
Summary: Integrating CO2 capture with biomass-fired combined heat and power (bio-CHP) plants is a promising method for achieving negative emissions. This study develops a reliable data-driven model based on the Transformer architecture to predict the flowrate and CO2 concentration of flue gas in real time. The model validation shows high prediction accuracy, and the potential impact of meteorological parameters on model accuracy is assessed. The results demonstrate that the Transformer model outperforms other models and using near-infrared spectral data as input features improves the prediction accuracy.