Journal
DEVELOPMENT
Volume 145, Issue 24, Pages -Publisher
COMPANY BIOLOGISTS LTD
DOI: 10.1242/dev.167288
Keywords
Regulatory states; GRN evolution; Subcircuits; Echinoderms; Embryogenesis
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) [HD037105]
- National Science Foundation (Division of Integrative Organismal Systems) CREATIV grant [1240626]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [1240626] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Evolution of the animal body plan is driven by changes in developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs), but how networks change to control novel developmental phenotypes remains, in most cases, unresolved. Here, we address GRN evolution by comparing the endomesoderm GRN in two echinoid sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Eucidaris tribuloides, with at least 268 million years of independent evolution. We first analyzed the expression of twelve transcription factors and signaling molecules of the S. purpuratus GRN in E. tribuloides embryos, showing that orthologous regulatory genes are expressed in corresponding endomesodermal cell fates in the two species. However, perturbation of regulatory genes revealed that important regulatory circuits of the S. purpuratus GRN are significantly different in E. tribuloides. For example, mesodermal Delta/Notch signaling controls exclusion of alternative cell fates in E. tribuloides but controls mesoderm induction and activation of a positive feedback circuit in S. purpuratus. These results indicate that the architecture of the sea urchin endomesoderm GRN evolved by extensive gain and loss of regulatory interactions between a conserved set of regulatory factors that control endomesodermal cell fate specification.
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