Practical Design of RC Approximants of Constant Phase Elements and Their Implementation in Fractional-Order PID Regulators Using CMOS Voltage Differencing Current Conveyors

This paper brings a practical and straightforward view on the design of circuit elements described by fractional-order dynamics known as the constant phase element (CPE) and their implementation in a novel structure of a PID (or PID in some literature) regulator based on fabricated CMOS voltage differencing current conveyors. Comparison of presented topology with known solutions indicates significant improvements regarding overall simplification, simpler electronic controllability of time constants, and having all passive elements in grounded form. Step-by-step design of the CPE as well as the PID regulator is supported by experiments with active devices fabricated using the C07 I2T100 0.7m CMOS process (ON Semiconductor). Laboratory tests in frequency and time domain confirm the correct operation of the designed application and the accuracy of the derived results in comparison with the theoretical expectations.