The beta-cyclodextrin decorated with palladium nanoparticles without pretreatment: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biaryls synthesis

beta-Cyclodextrin decorated with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs@beta-CD) without pretreatment led to a suitable catalyst for the biaryls synthesis in water. A simple and straightforward method was developed for the preparation of PdNPs@beta-CD as a green catalyst. The prepared catalyst was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements. It was found that PdNPs@beta-CD exhibits high performance in Ullmann, Suzuki and Hiyama coupling reactions.