Review
Polymer Science
Andrea Dei Sommi, Francesca Lionetto, Alfonso Maffezzoli
Summary: Liquid composite molding (LCM) is a fast and cheap process for fabricating large parts with good properties. The filling stage, which involves impregnating a reinforcing fiber preform with low-viscosity resin, relies on Darcy's permeability. This review summarizes the most commonly used methods for permeability measurement in LCM.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
M. A. Kabachi, L. Stettler, S. Arreguin, P. Ermanni
Summary: This study introduces a novel method for the simultaneous characterization of compaction and unsaturated out-of-plane permeability of engineering textiles in one single experiment. The measurement technique relies on visually tracking flow-front positions and compaction during through-thickness impregnation, providing permeability at different fiber-volume-fractions while also verifying any race-tracking that may occur during impregnation. The method is successfully validated through testing of glass fiber NCF and woven fabrics, comparing permeability and compaction results to analytical solutions and those obtained from a universal testing machine.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
M. Y. Matveev, A. Endruweit, A. C. Long, M. A. Iglesias, M. V. Tretyakov
Summary: The novel Regularizing Ensemble Kalman filter Algorithm based on the Bayesian paradigm was successfully applied to estimate local porosity and permeability of fibrous reinforcements, as well as detect defects in the preform. Validation through virtual and laboratory experiments showed the algorithm's ability to accurately estimate local parameters.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
M. Y. Matveev, A. Endruweit, A. C. Long, M. A. Iglesias, M. V. Tretyakov
Summary: The novel Regularising Ensemble Kalman filter Algorithm based on the Bayesian paradigm successfully estimates local porosity and permeability of fibrous reinforcements in RTM processes, demonstrating good accuracy in detecting defects in preforms. The algorithm, tested in virtual and laboratory experiments, provides confidence intervals for predictions and estimations of defect probabilities, which are valuable for process analysis.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Benjamin Gartner, Vikram Yadama, Lloyd Smith
Summary: The purpose of this study is to develop high-performance wood strand panels for automotive application using resin transfer and compression resin transfer molding technologies. The results showed that using low-density polyethylene for bonding can stabilize the wood strand preforms, and the resin transfer molded wood strand composites exhibit superior mechanical properties and dimensional stability.
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Francisco M. Monticeli, Jose Humberto S. Almeida Jr, Roberta M. Neves, Heitor L. Ornaghi, Francois Trochu
Summary: This study proposes an approach that combines artificial neural networks (ANN) with statistical models to predict injection processing conditions for four different reinforcement materials. By combining processing parameters and creating a well-trained ANN's three-dimensional response surface, the velocity of the flow front can be evaluated. Based on a large number of experimental results, the key role of certain physical parameters in predicting impregnation behavior during resin injection was identified. The main aim is to enhance control over the size and position of void content in these four fibrous reinforcements.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Wei Qi, Tzu-Heng Chiu, Yi-Kai Kao, Yuan Yao, Yu-Ho Chen, Hsun Yang, Chen-Chieh Wang, Chia-Hsiang Hsu, Rong-Yeu Chang
Summary: Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a promising method for manufacturing fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) with light weight, high strength, and multifunctional features. The permeability and porosity of fiber reinforcements are critical properties for controlling resin flow and numerical simulations of RTM. Previous measurement methods have limitations, but this study proposes a new measurement system and algorithm that can simultaneously estimate in-plane permeability and porosity.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Junhe Cui, Andrea La Spina, Jacob Fish
Summary: A multiscale computational framework for high-pressure resin transfer molding of fiber-reinforced composites is presented in this paper. The authors developed a data-driven nonlinear homogenization approach to overcome the computational challenge of directly solving the high-pressure resin filling problem.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Philip R. Barnett, Zachary A. Cook, Brett M. Hulett, Nalin H. Varma, Dayakar Penumadu
Summary: Experimental study was conducted on the thermoplastic resin infiltration process in compression molded recycled/repurposed carbon fiber organosheet composites to determine optimal processing conditions for improved cycle time and infiltration quality. The infiltrating fluid, imaging system, and measurement protocol all played significant roles in understanding the in-situ infiltration behavior during compression molding. Dual-scale permeability and the impact of infiltration pressure on microstructure were observed, with moderate pressures found to yield lower void content and a more homogeneous fiber volume fraction.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Debabrata Adhikari, Suhasini Gururaja, Santosh Hemchandra
Summary: The study established the relationship between compaction pressure and fiber volume fraction through compression tests and characterized in-plane permeability using different thicknesses of carbon fiber fabric. By developing a pressure data acquisition system and measurement setup, vacuum infusion experiments were successfully conducted, and the numerical model predictions were validated with experimental results.
JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Seung In Kang, Jung Jae Yoo, Min Gyoung Kim, Dong Gi Seong
Summary: We proposed a new liquid composite molding process called multi-drop filling (MDF) that improves the impregnability and filling time of resin by using an automatic resin dropping system and a pressing system. The carbon fiber composites fabricated using the MDF process showed similar strength and void content to those fabricated using the conventional VARTM process, but with remarkable improvement in void content at corner regions and decreased cycle time.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Somen K. Bhudolia, Pavel Perrotey, Goram Gohel, Sunil C. Joshi, Pierre Gerard, Kah Fai Leong
Summary: The bladder molding process is commonly used in sporting applications, especially with prepregs. Thin-ply, non-crimp fabrics (NCFs) not only offer weight savings but also excellent mechanical properties, fracture toughness, and vibration damping properties.
Review
Materials Science, Composites
Bernard Miranda Campos, Serge Bourbigot, Gaelle Fontaine, Fanny Bonnet
Summary: The recycling of thermoset-based composites is a challenging task. The use of thermoplastics as a replacement for thermosetting resins is an important step in addressing this issue, along with the use of green reinforcements. Recent developments in low-viscosity thermoplastic resins have enabled the production of thermoplastic matrix composites using the resin transfer molding (RTM) technique originally designed for thermosetting matrix composites.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Romain Agogue, Modesar Shakoor, Pierre Beauchene, Chung Hae Park
Summary: This study presents a numerical analysis of the effects of race tracking on the formation of dry spots and the accuracy of permeability measurement during the resin-transfer-molding process. Randomly generated defects are assessed using a Monte Carlo simulation method in the numerical simulation of the mold-filling process. The influence of race tracking on unsaturated permeability measurement and dry spot formation is investigated on flat plates. The results show that race-tracking defects near the injection gate can increase the measured unsaturated permeability by up to 40%.
Review
Materials Science, Textiles
G. K. Sathishkumar, Mohamed Ibrahim, M. Mohamed Akheel, G. Rajkumar, B. Gopinath, R. Karpagam, P. Karthik, M. Martin Charles, G. Gautham, G. Gown Shankar
Summary: Natural fibers are abundant and cost-effective resources that are easily decomposed and biodegradable. They have the potential to replace carbon fibers and conventional glass due to their biodegradability and eco-friendly characteristics. These fibers have significant chemical, mechanical, and physical properties that vary depending on the cellulose content. Other factors such as fiber age, maturity, location, and processing methods also influence their tensile strength. Overall, natural fibers play a vital role in engineering applications with their positive environmental impact and economic outlook.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
M. S. Irfan, R. A. Alia, T. Khan, W. J. Cantwell, R. Umer
Summary: This study evaluated the long-term creep response of high-performance carbon fiber PEKK composites and found that the quasi-isotropic stacking sequence exhibited superior creep resistance, flexural modulus, and flexural strengths.
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
M. S. Irfan, M. A. Ali, T. Khan, S. Anwer, K. Liao, R. Umer
Summary: This study focuses on the use of MXene and reduced graphene oxide coated glass fabrics to manufacture multifunctional aerospace composites. The coated fabrics act as sensors, providing useful information on key manufacturing parameters and the mechanical response of the final composite during processing. Experimental monitoring of electrical resistance changes during resin infusion manufacturing stages demonstrates their effectiveness. Additionally, the laminates manufactured with these fabric sensors show promising structural performance and can detect thermomechanical response and electromagnetic interference.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Tayyab Khan, Muhammad A. Ali, Muhammad S. Irfan, Wesley J. Cantwell, Rehan Umer
Summary: This study explores the manufacturing and healing of carbon fiber/Elium (R) composites using resin infusion technique. The bonding mechanisms are investigated through microscopic analyses and X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT). It is found that increasing the healing temperature gradually heals the cracks through interdiffusion and resin flow. The healed composites show improved mechanical performance compared to the pristine samples.
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Tayyab Khan, Muhammad A. Ali, Muhammad S. Irfan, Wesley J. Cantwell, Umer Rehan
Summary: In this study, glass and carbon fiber hybrid laminates were manufactured using a low-viscosity thermoplastic resin. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) analysis revealed a weak interface between the resin and the glass fabric, with glass fiber specimens exhibiting higher void content compared to the carbon fiber specimens. The mechanical performance of the hybrid laminates was improved due to higher stiffness of the carbon fibers and better fiber-matrix interface. The fractographic study showed different failure modes in glass fiber and carbon fiber specimens.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
E. Syerko, T. Schmidt, D. May, C. Binetruy, S. G. Advani, S. Lomov, L. Silva, S. Abaimov, N. Aissa, I. Akhatov, M. Ali, N. Asiaban, G. Broggi, J. Bruchon, B. Caglar, H. Digonnet, J. Dittmann, S. Drapier, A. Endruweit, A. Guilloux, R. Kandinskii, A. Leygue, B. Mahato, P. Martinez-Lera, M. Matveev, V. Michaud, P. Middendorf, N. Moulin, L. Orgeas, C. H. Park, S. Rief, M. Rouhi, I. Sergeichev, M. Shakoor, O. Shishkina, Y. Swolfs, M. Tahani, R. Umer, K. Vanclooster, R. Vorobyev
Summary: This paper presents the results of an international virtual permeability benchmark, which is a first contribution to permeability predictions for fibrous reinforcements based on real images. In this first stage, the focus was on the microscale computation of fiber bundle permeability. The scatter of the predicted axial permeability after the elimination of inconsistent results was found to be smaller (14%) than that of the transverse permeability (similar to 24%).
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Muhammad A. Ali, Tayyab Khan, Kamran A. Khan, Rehan Umer
Summary: The design of channels in dry tape preforms is crucial for successful resin injection in composites manufacturing. This study investigates the relationship between the spatial variability of preforms and their permeability using X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and stochastic modeling techniques. The results show that the numerical permeability predictions deviate from experimental measurements, confirming that XCT-based stochastic modeling is an effective way to estimate the permeability of dry tape preforms.
JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Kakur Naresh, Ruzanna Aziz Alia, Wesley J. J. Cantwell, Rehan Umer, Kamran Ahmed Khan
Summary: This study investigates the influence of varying the thickness of the carbon/epoxy face sheet on the flexural properties of a Nomex honeycomb sandwich panel. The face sheet thickness was modified by increasing the number of plies while keeping the core thickness constant. The flexural properties were analyzed using three- and four-point bending tests, showing changes in failure mode with increasing face sheet thickness. The predicted maximum flexural load using a Weibull distribution model had excellent correlation with experimental results, and the 1.5 mm thick face sheet was identified as the most appropriate design in terms of strength and stiffness.
JOURNAL OF SANDWICH STRUCTURES & MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Muhammad A. Ali, Muhammad S. Irfan, Tayyab Khan, Muhammad Y. Khalid, Rehan Umer
Summary: One potential application of 2D materials is to enhance the multi-functionality of structures and components used in various industries. This includes sensing, energy storage, EMI shielding, and property enhancement. This article explores the use of graphene and its variants as data generating sensory elements in Industry 4.0 and presents a roadmap for the integration of advanced materials, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology. It discusses the potential of 2D materials as an interface for digitalization in smart factories and presents the use of graphene-based smart embedded sensors for real-time structural health monitoring in composite manufacturing processes.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Tayyab Khan, Farrukh Hafeez, Rehan Umer
Summary: Two types of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite scarf joints were created with different scarf angles and bonded with a liquid thermoplastic resin at different temperatures. The repaired laminates were compared with pristine samples in terms of residual flexural strength, repair quality, and failure modes. The results showed that the highest recovery strength was achieved at the optimal repair temperature of 210 degrees C, and the laminates with a higher scarf angle performed better. Delamination was the dominant failure mode in the repaired samples, while fiber fracture and fiber pullout were dominant in the pristine samples. The liquid thermoplastic resin exhibited higher residual strength compared to conventional epoxy adhesives.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Zia Ullah Arif, Muhammad Yasir Khalid, Reza Noroozi, Mokarram Hossain, HaoTian Harvey Shi, Ali Tariq, Seeram Ramakrishna, Rehan Umer
Summary: Biopolymers are environmentally friendly materials with promising applications in various fields. They are particularly favored in implantable biomedical devices due to their unique properties. This review highlights recent advancements in fabricating biopolymer-based products and structures for advanced healthcare systems using additive manufacturing techniques, as well as the influence of nanoparticles on the performance of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds.
ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Muhammad Yasir Khalid, Zia Ullah Arif, Mokarram Hossain, Rehan Umer
Summary: Wind is a clean and efficient renewable energy source extensively used for power generation. The recycling of wind turbine blades (WTBs) is a viable pathway to ensure the sustainability of wind turbines. Currently, only 80%-85% of WTB materials can be recycled, but with proper attention and the adoption of circular economy models, it has the potential to reach 100%. This review emphasizes the importance of sustainable options for WTB waste treatment and highlights current research and development projects related to hybrid recycling technologies and circular economy models.
RENEWABLE ENERGY FOCUS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Andre F. P. Ribeiro, Carlos Ferreira, Damiano Casalino
Summary: This study compares a filament-based free wake panel method to experimental and validated numerical data in order to simulate propeller slipstreams and their interaction with aircraft components. The results show that the free wake panel method is able to successfully capture the slipstream deformation and shearing, making it a useful tool for propeller-wing interaction in preliminary aircraft design.
AEROSPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
