Article
Virology
Lei Zhu, Hong Yin, Tong Qian, Gong-jian Qi, Jin-song Ren, Yin Wang, Bo-xiang Qi
Summary: This study assessed the association between AQP-4 and the severity of EV71-associated HFMD. The study found significant differences in serum AQP-4, IL-6, NE, and NSE levels among the critical, severe, and common groups before and after treatment. Furthermore, serum AQP-4 levels correlated closely with IL-6, NE, and NSE levels.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jing Sun, Yuanyuan Li, Zhi Yang, Qingfeng Fang, Biquan Chen
Summary: The introduction of EV71 vaccine has led to changes in the epidemiological characteristics and etiology of HFMD patients. The number of cases decreased gradually after vaccination, with significant changes in age distribution. The proportion of cases caused by EV71 and severe cases decreased significantly after vaccination. However, EV71 still remains a major pathogen in severe HFMD cases. There were no significant differences in epidemiological characteristics and enterovirus serotypes between unvaccinated and vaccinated cases.
Article
Immunology
Zhong Zhang, Yang Liu, Fengfeng Liu, Minrui Ren, Taoran Nie, Jinzhao Cui, Zhaorui Chang, Zhongjie Li
Summary: This study analyzed laboratory-confirmed HFMD outbreaks in mainland China between 2011 to 2018 and found that EV-A71, CV-A16, and CV-A6 are the three most common serotypes causing HFMD, with strong transmission among children.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Zhihui Ruan, Yicong Liang, Zicong Chen, Jialing Yin, Chengcheng Li, Pan Pan, Qiwei Zhang, Jianguo Wu, Zhen Luo
Summary: This study found that EV71 infection can enhance exosome biogenesis, and EV71 3A protein can promote exosome secretion. Further investigation revealed that VPS25, which is associated with EV71 infection, is located on exosomes and its expression correlates to exosome production. Knock-down of VPS25 decreases exosome biogenesis, thus attenuating viral replication. The exosome inhibitor GW4869 exhibits significant antiviral activity against EV71 replication.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Jie Hong, Fengfeng Liu, Hongchao Qi, Wei Tu, Michael P. Ward, Minrui Ren, Zheng Zhao, Qing Su, Jiaqi Huang, Xi Chen, Jiaxu Le, Xiang Ren, Yi Hu, Ben Cowling, Zhongjie Li, Zhaorui Chang, Zhijie Zhang
Summary: This study describes the changing epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) after the introduction of the EV-A71 vaccine. The results show a decrease in severe cases and mortality rates of HFMD after the vaccine launch, but changes in dominant serotypes should be closely monitored.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC
(2022)
Article
Virology
Chengyuan Wu, Guangyan Zhu, Fang Qiu, Fuli Ren, Binbin Lin, Dingyu Zhang, Qingyu Yang, Chaolin Huang
Summary: EV71 is a serious threat to human health and there is currently no effective drug for its treatment. PLX8394, a RAF inhibitor, has been found to have high antiviral activity against EV71 in vitro and also exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enteroviruses. In a mouse model, PLX8394 provided significant protection against EV71 infection by reducing viral load and relieving inflammation through inhibiting the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Zhicheng Du, Yong Huang, Michael S. Bloom, Zhoubin Zhang, Zhicong Yang, Jianyun Lu, Jianxiong Xu, Yuantao Hao
Summary: The study revealed that in Guangzhou, China, a two-dose EV71 vaccination can effectively reduce the risk of HFMD, especially for 3-year-old children. Real-world evidence supports the need for an expanded program of EV71 vaccination.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jian Li, Xiuzhi Yin, Aiwei Lin, Xiuzhen Nie, Liyan Liu, Shihua Liu, Na Li, Ping Wang, Shuangshuang Song, Shaoning Wang, Daoyan Xu
Summary: The EV71 vaccine significantly reduces the risk of encephalitis in patients with HFMD, but some vaccinated individuals still developed encephalitis, indicating a need for further investigation into the reasons behind this.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Mei Li, Ya-Ping Li, Hui-Ling Deng, Mu-Qi Wang, Yuan Chen, Yu-Feng Zhang, Jun Wang, Shuang-Suo Dang
Summary: This study investigated the role of IFITM3 in EV71-HFMD and found that the methylation status and SNP genotyping of IFITM3 may help clinicians choose the correct treatment strategy for patients.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Virology
Yuhan Liu, Junwei Chen, Ming Zhang, Wei Guo, Changzeng Feng, Jiansheng Liu, Lilan Xu, Na Gao, Shaohui Ma
Summary: This study found that Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) was the main pathogen associated with HFMD among children in Yunnan, China, followed by Coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4), Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5), and Echovirus 9 (E-9). EV-A and EV-B accounted for 45.1% and 41.3%, respectively. The study also found that CV-B5 and the majority of CV-B4 belonged to genotypes VI and C3, respectively. These results suggest that EV-B, especially CV-Bs, may play important roles in HFMD.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Li Huang, Ting Wang, Xuxiang Liu, Yuansheng Fu, Sichen Zhang, Qinshu Chu, Tingyue Nie, Houmian Tu, Jian Chen, Yinguang Fan
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the changes in spatial-temporal-demographic and virological aspects of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) after EV-A71 vaccination in Hefei, China. The findings showed that the EV-A71 vaccine effectively reduced the incidence of HFMD and altered its spatial, temporal, demographic, and virological characteristics.
Review
Immunology
Mei-Ling Li, Shin-Ru Shih, Blanton S. Tolbert, Gary Brewer
Summary: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina, with potential neurological complications and death. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control virus infection, with multiple types of vaccines currently in development and use.
Article
Pediatrics
Cong Li, Weijian Zhang, Xiaodan Chang, Xiaohua Di, Qi Xie, Bihua Lin, Hui Zhang, Ziyu Ye, Minsheng Lan, Jiachun Lian, Hailiang Zhang, Xianxiu Qiu, Jincheng Zeng, Mingyuan Huang
Summary: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood illness caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71). This study found that EV71 infection increases the release of circulating interleukins and that polyamine metabolism plays a role in EV71 infection. Elevated levels of polyamine metabolites were observed in HFMD patients, particularly in those infected with EV71. The EV71 capsid protein VP1 may promote the expression of polyamine metabolism-related enzymes and the production of polyamine metabolites, thereby upregulating the SPD/nuclear factor kappa B/IL-6 signaling pathway.
TRANSLATIONAL PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Li Jiang, Hongchao Jiang, Xin Tian, Xueshan Xia, Tian Huang
Summary: Following the introduction of EV71 vaccines in Yunnan Province, the overall incidence of HFMD increased, while the severity and fatality rate of cases decreased. The predominant viral serotype shifted to non-EV71/non-CV-A16 enteroviruses, indicating the need for expanded vaccination and improved surveillance to reduce the burden of severe HFMD.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Virology
Yonghong Zhou, Chongchen Zhou, Kai Wang, Qi Qiu, Yibing Cheng, Yu Li, Peng Cui, Lu Liang, Peng Li, Xiaowei Deng, Lili Wang, Wen Zheng, Hui Gong, Fang Wang, Meng Xu, Justin Jang Hann Chu, Lance Turtle, Hongjie Yu
Summary: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health problem among children in the Asia-Pacific region. Stool has the highest diagnostic yield for EV-A71-infected HFMD, and if stool is unavailable, rectal swabs can be collected to achieve a similar diagnostic yield. Otherwise, throat swabs may be useful in detecting positive samples.
