Journal
METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN FLUORESCENCE
Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/3/034001
Keywords
3D tissue models; FLIM; hypoxia; intracellular and cell-permeable probes; phosphorescence quenching; phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive probes
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Funding
- Science Foundation Ireland [13/SIRG/2144, 12/RC/2276]
- European Commission [FP7-HEALTH-2012-INNOVATION-304842-2]
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) [13/SIRG/2144] Funding Source: Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)
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In the last decade a number of cell-permeable phosphorescence based probes for imaging of (intra) cellular oxygen (icO(2)) have been described. These small molecule, supramolecular and nanoparticle structures, although allowing analysis of hypoxia, local gradients and fluctuations in O-2, responses to stimulation and drug treatment at sub-cellular level with high spatial and temporal resolution, differ significantly in their operational performance and applicability to different cell and tissue models. Here we discuss and compare these probes with respect to their staining efficiency, brightness, photostability, toxicity, cell specificity, compatibility with different cell and tissue models, and analytical performance. Merits and limitations of particular probes are highlighted and strategies for development of new high-performance O-2 imaging probes defined. Key application areas in hypoxia research, stem cells, cancer biology and tissue physiology are also discussed.
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