Journal
IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages 1361-1366Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2264995
Keywords
Cadmium chloride; cadmium telluride (CdTe); close-space sublimation (CSS); thin-film photovoltaics
Funding
- U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Technology Strategy Board (Loughborough University)
- National Science Foundation Industry & University Cooperative Research Program
- Accelerating Innovation Research programs
- EPSRC [EP/J017361/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/J017361/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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The aim of this investigation is to apply advanced microstructural characterization techniques to study the effect of cadmium chloride treatment on the physical properties of cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells deposited via close-spaced sublimation and relate these to cell performance. A range of techniques have been used to observe the microstructural changes as well as the chemical changes before and after the cadmium chloride treatment. Electrical measurements that link the device performance with the microstructural properties of the cells have also been undertaken. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has revealed high densities of stacking faults in the as-grownCdTe samples. Further, it has been observed that these stacking faults are removed during the cadmium chloride treatment. These observations show that the presence of chlorine plays an important role in the removal of these defects and the subsequent production of high efficiency thin-film CdTe solar cells. Elemental analysis in the TEM indicates chlorine-rich regions appearing at the CdTe/CdS interface as well as at grain boundaries after the treatment.
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