Review
Plant Sciences
Paul H. Goodwin, Madison A. Best
Summary: Ginsenosides have been widely studied for their medicinal benefits and their role in ginseng plant biology. They play a crucial role in ginseng's defense against biotic stresses, providing antimicrobial, antifeedant, and allelopathic activities. Ginsenosides also have roles in ginseng development and abiotic stress tolerance.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Prasad Kesanakurti, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Adam C. Faller, Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Francesco Buongiorno, Isabella Della Noce, Zhengfei Lu, Yanjun Zhang, Steven G. Newmaster
Summary: Authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius herbal dietary supplements is crucial in mitigating adulteration and substitution issues in the international ginseng supply chain. Species-specific hydrolysis probe qPCR assays have been developed and validated, demonstrating high specificity and reliability for the identification of target species in raw materials.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Mengying Shuai, Yang Yang, Fuqing Bai, Lijun Cao, Ruyan Hou, Chuanyi Peng, Huimei Cai
Summary: This study used metabolomic methods to analyze the chemical composition of American ginseng samples from different regions. By combining linear discriminant analysis and random forest modeling, the study successfully distinguished the origin of American ginseng and discriminated between samples with and without protected designation of origin.
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Rong Dong, Yougang Zhang, Shanjun Chen, Huan Wang, Kaiqing Hu, Huanxin Zhao, Qingping Tian, Kewu Zeng, Songsong Wang, Liwen Han
Summary: This study rapidly identified the pharmacodynamic markers (P-markers) against heart failure in American ginseng (AG) using the zebrafish model and metabolomics technology. These P-markers may provide new reference standards for quality control and new drug development of AG.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Horticulture
Behrang Behdarvandi, Tom Hsiang, Moez Valliani, Paul H. Goodwin
Summary: A comparison was made between the virulence, saprophytic growth, and genomes of 12 isolates of Ilyonectria mors-panacis and 4 isolates of I. robusta from Canada pathogenic to Panax quinquefolius. The results showed no significant differences in lesion size or virulence between the two Ilyonectria species, but there were differences in growth rate and genome size.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ruifeng Ji, Thomas Avery Garran, Yilu Luo, Meng Cheng, Mengyue Ren, Xiuteng Zhou
Summary: An integrated strategy of combining UPLC-QTOF-MS and chemometrics was developed to profile identification markers for differentiating five species of ginseng. This study is critical for ensuring the appropriate use of these ginseng species. A total of 38 robust biomarkers, mainly composed of saponins with small amounts of amino acids and fatty acids, were identified.
Article
Plant Sciences
Paul H. Goodwin
Summary: The endosphere of ginseng contains a variety of fungal, bacterial, archaeal and viral endophytes. Bacterial endophytes are primarily members of the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and fungal endophytes are primarily members of the Ascomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota. Little is known about archaea and viruses in ginseng plants. Root tissues have been found to have the highest abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal endophytes, and their abundance often increases with root age. The metabolization of ginsenosides by endophytes suggests an adaptation of these microbes to the unique secondary metabolites found in ginseng tissues. Research on the benefits provided by endophytes has mainly focused on plant nutrition, growth promotion and disease resistance, with little emphasis on their ability to increase abiotic stress resistance. More studies are needed in the field, including trials with endophyte-treated plants, genomic/metagenomic analysis of endophytes, and investigations into the effects of endophytes on disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance.
Review
Integrative & Complementary Medicine
Niu Xue-Ni, Luo Wen, Lv Chong-Ning, Lu Jin-Cai
Summary: This article introduces the characteristics, sources, and semi-synthetic methods of OT-type ginsenosides, emphasizing their importance in biological activity research.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF NATURAL MEDICINES
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lanchun Liu, Jun Hu, Qiyuan Mao, Chao Liu, Haoqiang He, Xiaoshan Hui, Guang Yang, Peirong Qu, Wenjing Lian, Lian Duan, Yan Dong, Juhua Pan, Yongmei Liu, Qingyong He, Jun Li, Jie Wang
Summary: This paper elaborates on the current pharmacological effects of ginseng functional components in treating cardiovascular diseases, summarizes the adverse reactions of ginseng, and provides a list of Chinese patent medicines containing ginseng formula for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Xilan Tang, Xiaohong Tracey Gan, Chian Ju Jong, Venkatesh Rajapurohitam, Morris Karmazyn
Summary: This study found that North American ginseng can alleviate the effects of angiotensin II on cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction, potentially through modulation of fatty acid and glucose oxidation.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Xiaoxue Fang, Manqi Wang, Xinteng Zhou, Huan Wang, Huaying Wang, Hongxing Xiao
Summary: This study investigated the effects of growth years on gene expression in cultivated ginseng and wild ginseng through transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that the growth years significantly affected gene expression in cultivated ginseng, especially in the MAPK signaling pathway and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, the growth years had significant effects on genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in cultivated ginseng but had little influence on wild ginseng.
Article
Plant Sciences
Muhammad Irfan, Yuan Yee Lee, Ki-Ja Lee, Sung Dae Kim, Man Hee Rhee
Summary: This study investigated the antiplatelet effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and fermented red ginseng extract (FRG) and found that both extracts can inhibit platelet aggregation and calcium mobilization, indicating their potential for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing platelet-related cardiovascular disorders.
JOURNAL OF GINSENG RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Zhiyou Yang, Jiahang Deng, Mingxin Liu, Chuantong He, Xinyue Feng, Shucheng Liu, Shuai Wei
Summary: Panax quinquefolius L. has gained global attention for its pharmacological properties on type 2 diabetes, cancers, central nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Ginsenosides, the active phytochemicals of P. quinquefolius, have diverse structures and limited bioavailability, hindering the development of medicines. This review provides an overview of the structures of minor ginsenosides in P. quinquefolius and summarizes the recent pharmacological studies.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Agronomy
Ju-Young Jung, Cheol Woo Min, So Wun Kim, Ravi Gupta, Woojong Jang, Kyong-Hwan Bang, Yu-Jin Kim, Ick-Hyun Jo, Sun Tae Kim
Summary: Ginseng, which is often exposed to environmental stresses such as heat, salt, and drought, has been found to have potential salt-responsive proteins through fluid proteomic analysis. These proteins are associated with photosynthesis, protein synthesis, cell binding, and various metabolisms.
Review
Microbiology
Paul H. Goodwin
Summary: The rhizosphere of ginseng contains a wide range of microorganisms that can have beneficial or harmful effects on the plant. Cultivation practices that mimic natural conditions of ginseng may disrupt soil microbiome, leading to negative changes in soil physiochemistry and promotion of plant diseases. However, beneficial microbes isolated from the ginseng rhizosphere show potential to improve ginseng production. High-throughput sequencing has greatly expanded our knowledge of the diversity and abundance of rhizosphere organisms and their impacts on cultivation.