Review
Plant Sciences
Paul H. Goodwin, Madison A. Best
Summary: Ginsenosides have been widely studied for their medicinal benefits and their role in ginseng plant biology. They play a crucial role in ginseng's defense against biotic stresses, providing antimicrobial, antifeedant, and allelopathic activities. Ginsenosides also have roles in ginseng development and abiotic stress tolerance.
Article
Microbiology
Yan Wang, Liwei Wang, Meng Suo, Zhijie Qiu, Hao Wu, Min Zhao, Hongyan Yang
Summary: This study discovered and proved the potential of Mortierella alpina as a biocontrol agent against the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, providing a new approach for controlling ginseng diseases by regulating rhizosphere microorganisms.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Hai Sun, Cai Shao, Qiao Jin, Meijia Li, Zhenghai Zhang, Hao Liang, Huixia Lei, Jiaqi Qian, Yayu Zhang
Summary: Cadmium contamination has a significant impact on the microbial diversity and composition in ginseng-growing soil. Bacterial diversity is more affected than fungal diversity, and the abundance and composition of the soil microbial community change.
Article
Plant Sciences
Sitong Liu, Xinfeng Wang, Ning Ding, Yutong Liu, Ning Li, Yiqiao Ma, Jing Zhao, Zhenhui Wang, Xiaomeng Li, Xueqi Fu, Linfeng Li
Summary: Plants have the ability to regenerate from various types of cells, but somatic cell totipotency can be compromised by somaclonal variation, particularly karyotype alteration, during tissue culture. Chinese ginseng exhibits little decline in totipotency and remarkable chromosomal stability even after prolonged tissue cultures. However, it is uncertain whether chromosomal stability at the molecular level necessarily correlates with genetic stability at the nucleotide sequence level.
Article
Microbiology
Zhenjie Fan, Shuiming Xiao, Haoyu Hu, Pengfei Zhang, Jing Chao, Shuai Guo, Dianyun Hou, Jiang Xu
Summary: This study analysed the diversity and abundance of endophytic microbes in different organs of Panax ginseng using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the composition of endophytic microbes varied among the roots, stems, and leaves, with different dominant bacterial and fungal genera. The roots had the highest diversity of endophytic bacteria, while the stems had a higher abundance of Ochrobactrum bacteria and Coniothyrium and Cladosporium fungi. The study provides important insights into the endophytic microorganisms in ginseng.
ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Prasad Kesanakurti, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Adam C. Faller, Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Francesco Buongiorno, Isabella Della Noce, Zhengfei Lu, Yanjun Zhang, Steven G. Newmaster
Summary: Authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius herbal dietary supplements is crucial in mitigating adulteration and substitution issues in the international ginseng supply chain. Species-specific hydrolysis probe qPCR assays have been developed and validated, demonstrating high specificity and reliability for the identification of target species in raw materials.
Article
Mycology
Petr Baldrian, Tomas Vetrovsky, Clementine Lepinay, Petr Kohout
Summary: High-throughput DNA sequencing has revolutionized biodiversity research in mycology, with over 200 studies generating 250 million sequences of the mycological marker ITS2. The total estimated extant fungal diversity is 6.28 million taxa, with Ascomycota and Basidiomycota dominating. Soil and litter have the highest alpha diversity of fungi, while lichens and plant tissues have the highest proportion of unknown species.
Article
Microbiology
Vinciane Monod, Valerie Hofstetter, Vivian Zufferey, Olivier Viret, Katia Gindro, Daniel Croll
Summary: The evolution of sequencing technology and multiplexing has expanded our ability to characterize fungal diversity. However, obtaining an unbiased assessment of the fungal community remains challenging. This study found that shorter amplicons had higher sequencing depths and overall diversity, with no significant bias in phylogenetic composition. Despite the increased resolution of longer amplicons, the shorter amplicons provided clearer resolution of the fungal community. The choice of ribosomal amplicons should be carefully evaluated and adjusted according to specific goals.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Fernando Martinez-Hernandez, Fabiola Sanchez-Aguillon, Joel Martinez-Ocana, Nelly Raquel Gonzalez-Arenas, Mirza Romero-Valdovinos, Eduardo Lopez-Escamilla, Pablo Maravilla, Guiehdani Villalobos
Summary: This study evaluated the genetic variability of the ITS region and pfor A gene of Trichomonas vaginalis from female patients and explored its implications in the host-parasite relationship. Results showed two main clusters in the ITS haplotypes and suggested that pfor A could be used as a marker for confirming trichomonads genus and species.
Article
Plant Sciences
Kyuri Kim, Hae-In Jeong, Inho Yang, Sang-Jip Nam, Kyung-Min Lim
Summary: The study demonstrates that acremonidin E, a bioactive metabolite derived from a fungal endophyte of P. ginseng, can inhibit melanin synthesis by downregulating tyrosinase, suggesting the potential utility of microorganisms associated with P. ginseng for cosmetic ingredients.
JOURNAL OF GINSENG RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Ecology
Havard Kauserud
Summary: This text discusses the inherent limitations of using the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region as a DNA barcode marker in fungal ecology studies. It highlights the challenges in species delimitation, the lack of significant interspecific divergence, and the uncertainty in species-level taxonomy. It also emphasizes the complexity and variation introduced by PCR and sequencing errors in DNA metabarcoding data. The importance of the ITS region as a general DNA (meta)barcoding marker for fungi is acknowledged but caution against naïve or simplistic use is stressed.
Article
Plant Sciences
Paul H. Goodwin
Summary: The endosphere of ginseng contains a variety of fungal, bacterial, archaeal and viral endophytes. Bacterial endophytes are primarily members of the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and fungal endophytes are primarily members of the Ascomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota. Little is known about archaea and viruses in ginseng plants. Root tissues have been found to have the highest abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal endophytes, and their abundance often increases with root age. The metabolization of ginsenosides by endophytes suggests an adaptation of these microbes to the unique secondary metabolites found in ginseng tissues. Research on the benefits provided by endophytes has mainly focused on plant nutrition, growth promotion and disease resistance, with little emphasis on their ability to increase abiotic stress resistance. More studies are needed in the field, including trials with endophyte-treated plants, genomic/metagenomic analysis of endophytes, and investigations into the effects of endophytes on disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lanchun Liu, Jun Hu, Qiyuan Mao, Chao Liu, Haoqiang He, Xiaoshan Hui, Guang Yang, Peirong Qu, Wenjing Lian, Lian Duan, Yan Dong, Juhua Pan, Yongmei Liu, Qingyong He, Jun Li, Jie Wang
Summary: This paper elaborates on the current pharmacological effects of ginseng functional components in treating cardiovascular diseases, summarizes the adverse reactions of ginseng, and provides a list of Chinese patent medicines containing ginseng formula for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Jianjun Cui, Chunli Chen, Huaqiang Tan, Yongjian Huang, Xinyi Chen, Rong Xin, Jinlin Liu, Bowen Huang, Enyi Xie
Summary: This study addresses the taxonomic delimitation issue in the Monostroma and Gayralia genera of monostromatic green algae using morphology and DNA analysis. The findings suggest that the genetic distance between Monostroma and Gayralia is smaller than the genetic distance within the Monostroma genus. The specimens share similar morphology but differ in thallus thickness and size.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Alice Giusti, Enrica Ricci, Laura Gasperetti, Marta Galgani, Luca Polidori, Francesco Verdigi, Roberto Narducci, Andrea Armani
Summary: This study aimed to build an ITS gene dataset to aid the Italian Health Service in mushroom identification. By retrieving and filtering ITS sequences from GenBank and BOLD databases, as well as collecting wild specimens, a dataset of 5977 sequences was successfully established to support regional poisoning cases.
Article
Plant Sciences
Wen-Xing Hu, Eun-Young Seo, In-Sook Cho, Jung-Kyu Kim, Zhengxing Song, Kang-Hee Kim, Won-Seob Eom, Sung-Hoon Jung, John Hammond, Hyoun-Sub Lim
Summary: The study found that radish mosaic virus isolates from different regions in Korea have distinct sequences and pathogenicity, causing different symptoms in tobacco and radish plants. The accumulation of RNA2 is correlated with the necrosis-inducing ability of the virus, and its level mostly depends on the origin of RNA1. Recombination and reassortment events have played important roles in the evolution of the virus isolates. Additionally, the Korean isolates were found to also infect Chinese cabbage, posing a threat to the crop and causing potential economic losses.
Editorial Material
Plant Sciences
I. S. Cho, B. N. Chung, J. Y. Yoon, J. Hammond, H. S. Lim
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Mangalraj Poobalasubramanian, Eun-Sung Park, Mohammad Akbar Faqeerzada, Taehyun Kim, Moon Sung Kim, Insuck Baek, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: This study aims to detect early heat and water stress in strawberry plants using fluorescence images and chlorophyll-fluorescence indices, and develop machine-learning models to assess their performance. The proposed workflow performs well in terms of accuracy and has significant implications for strawberry plant management.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Emmanuel Omia, Hyungjin Bae, Eunsung Park, Moon Sung Kim, Insuck Baek, Isa Kabenge, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: The advanced technologies of precision agriculture, such as remote sensing, IoT, robotic systems, weather forecasting, and GPS, play an important role in the adaptability and sustainable development of agricultural systems. Specifically, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging technologies enable the monitoring of field crop health and the application of spatially and temporally variable agronomic inputs, while remote sensing data fusion technology allows monitoring of changes in different parts of individual plants.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mohammad Akbar Faqeerzada, Eunsoo Park, Taehyun Kim, Moon Sung Kim, Insuck Baek, Rahul Joshi, Juntae Kim, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: Ginseng has been widely consumed for medicinal and dietary purposes, but climate warming and rising heat waves are negatively impacting its productivity and yield quality. This study demonstrated the potential of fluorescence hyperspectral imaging for early detection and prediction of chlorophyll composition in heat-stressed ginseng plants. The results showed high accuracy in discriminating heat-stressed plants and predicting chlorophyll concentration.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Zhengxing Song, Eun-Young Seo, Wen-Xing Hu, Jung-Kyu Kim, Jun-Seong Kang, Seung-Eun Lee, John Hammond, Hyoun-Sub Lim
Summary: By studying the infectivity of turnip mosaic virus in different cultivars of Chinese cabbage, it was found that the C-terminal portion of the polyprotein determines the systemic infection of Chinese cabbage. Additionally, the study also revealed that effective R genes against the virus may exist in certain cultivars, and at least one amino acid substitution in the VPg and CP is essential for the infection on Chinese cabbage.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Rahul Joshi, G. G. Lakshmi Priya, Mohammad Akbar Faqeerzada, Tanima Bhattacharya, Moon Sung Kim, Insuck Baek, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: To address the issue of melamine and cyanuric acid added to pet food, a nondestructive sensing technique using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and machine learning was developed. The 1D CNN model applied to FT-IR spectra achieved superior performance compared to PLSR and PCR models in predicting melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations. Hence, FT-IR spectroscopy with a 1D CNN model serves as a potentially rapid and nondestructive method for identifying toxic chemicals in pet food.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Oh-Tae Kwon, Geonwoo Kim, Hyungjin Bae, Jaeyeol Ryu, Sikwan Woo, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: In this study, a simple birefringence measurement system for Hg2Br2 crystal at the millimeter scale was developed based on Brewster's angle. The system can measure the reflected light intensity of the crystal and calculate the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices and birefringence. The calculated birefringence of the Hg2Br2 crystal showed a 0.64% error compared to the literature value, indicating the potential for evaluating the quality of birefringent single crystals.
Article
Entomology
Sangjun Lee, Hangi Kim, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: A deep learning-based automated image analysis method was developed for the classification of mosquito species. Combining color and fluorescence images improved the classification performance for live mosquitoes. The proposed technique achieved a 97.1% F1-score, demonstrating its potential for automatic measurement of mosquito species and populations in the field.
Article
Entomology
Gildas Niyigena, Sangjun Lee, Soonhwa Kwon, Daebin Song, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: This study developed a real-time thrips detection application optimized for embedded devices. It evaluated the performance of various deep learning models in detecting thrips and used the EfficientDet-D0 model for real-time detection. The application has practical implications for pest control and crop yield improvement.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Juntae Kim, Yun-Kil Kwon, Hyoun-Wook Kim, Kuk-Hwan Seol, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: This review provides an updated description of robot technology used in slaughterhouse automation. It introduces the robot technology used in pork and beef slaughterhouses, including visceral laparotomy, carcass preprocessing, and deboning robot technology. The review also discusses a novel slaughter method called meat factory cell (MFC) for small-scale automation, which requires further research for practical application. The study emphasizes the need for new sanitary legislation for robot design and the establishment of standards for slaughterhouse automation. It is important for meeting production demand and optimizing equipment and systems.
Article
Plant Sciences
Muhammad Akbar Andi Arief, Hangi Kim, Hary Kurniawan, Andri Prima Nugroho, Taehyun Kim, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (CFI) is the latest method used to measure the efficiency of photosynthesis in strawberry plants, providing non-destructive spatiotemporal data. A CFI system was developed in this study to measure the maximum quantum efficiency of photochemistry (Fv/Fm), using a dark adaptation chamber, blue LED light sources, and a monochrome camera with a lens filter. The Fv/Fm values obtained from different treatment groups showed a correlation with a chlorophyll meter, indicating the accuracy of the developed CFI system in capturing the response of strawberry plants to abiotic stresses.
Article
Agronomy
Salma Sultana Tunny, Hary Kurniawan, Hanim Z. Amanah, Insuck Baek, Moon S. Kim, Diane Chan, Mohammad Akbar Faqeerzada, Collins Wakholi, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: Foreign materials in fresh-cut vegetables are a major concern for the industry, and effective detection methods are urgently needed. This study investigated three hyperspectral imaging techniques to distinguish foreign materials in fresh-cut vegetables, and a discriminant analysis model was developed. The SWIR hyperspectral imaging system provided the best detection accuracy, followed by VNIR and fluorescence. The results suggested that the SWIR hyperspectral imaging techniques with the SPA-PLS-DA model could be efficiently used in industrial applications for rapid and nondestructive foreign materials detection in fresh-cut vegetables.
POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Spectroscopy
Rahul Joshi, Samir Adhikari, Jong Pil Son, Yudong Jang, Donghan Lee, Byong-Kwan Cho
Summary: Conventional spectroscopic methods such as IR and Raman lack effectiveness in detecting low levels of pesticides or harmful chemicals in food. This study presents a highly sensitive and uniform wafer-scale Au nanogap SERS substrate for quantitative analysis of carbaryl pesticide levels in different food samples. The substrate was able to detect carbaryl up to 3 ppb in concentration with low LOD values. The combination of VIP method and PLSR achieved high predictive accuracy and differentiation ability for different concentrations and adulteration of carbaryl in food samples.
SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ajay Kumar Patel, Eun-Sung Park, Hongseok Lee, G. G. Lakshmi Priya, Hangi Kim, Rahul Joshi, Muhammad Akbar Andi Arief, Moon S. Kim, Insuck Baek, Byoung-Kwan Cho
Summary: This study utilized LiDAR 3-D point clouds and deep learning techniques for segmentation and phenotypic trait extraction of sorghum plants. The PointNet++ model outperformed the others with high segmentation accuracy. LiDAR 3-D point cloud combined with deep learning techniques can rapidly and accurately measure the phenotypic traits of sorghum plants.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING
(2023)
