Article
Polymer Science
Florian Tomiak, Melanie Zitzmann, Dietmar Drummer
Summary: This study investigates a synergistic multi-material flame retardant system integrated into glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6), which includes expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and montmorillonite (MMT). The combination of these materials achieves superior flame-retarding properties, with UL-94 V0 classification and an oxygen index of 32%. The system also exhibits low heat release rates, minimal smoke production, and excellent structural stability of char residue.
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Xiaowei Su, Wei Tan, Xiaohui Liu, Yuanlin Ren, Ying Sun
Summary: In order to improve the flame retardant and antibacterial properties of lyocell fabric, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) was chosen as a water-soluble vitamin derivative for fabric modification. The treated lyocell fabric exhibited reduced combustion in vertical burning test and significantly improved thermal stability and char-forming ability. The addition of TPP increased the char residue of the fabric and decreased the total heat release and peak heat release rate. The treated fabric also showed excellent durable flame retardancy and good antibacterial performance against E. coli and S. aureus.
Article
Thermodynamics
Hussam Cirmad, Seha Tirkes, Umit Tayfun
Summary: The study focused on loading expandable graphite (EG) into acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymer and analyzing the performance of the composites through various tests. Results showed that with an increase in EG content, certain mechanical properties of ABS improved, while elongation and impact strength exhibited a decreasing trend. The 15% and 20% EG-containing ABS composites were identified as the most suitable candidates among the prepared composites.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Xiaochen Dong, Xuefan Yang, Sen Wang, Kang Wang, Yunqi Zhang, Jichun Liu, Haibo Chang
Summary: Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was modified with expandable graphite (EG) and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) in melt state. The resulting EVA/EG/PPA composite exhibited improved fire retardancy, thermal stability, processability, and reduced smoke and toxic gas releases. The combination of EG and PPA showed high flame retardant efficiency, with a low loading of 10 wt% achieving a V-0 rating in UL-94 test. The composite also displayed good water resistance and acceptable mechanical property.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Physics, Condensed Matter
Xin-Chao Wang, Ya-Peng Sun, Jie Sheng, Tie Geng, Lih-Sheng Turng, Yong-Gang Guo, Xian-Hu Liu, Chun-Tai Liu
Summary: This study incorporated expansible graphite (EG) as a flame retardant into polyurethane foams (PUFs) to improve their fire resistance. The addition of EG reduced bubble size and increased mass density in PUFs, while maintaining their functional group structures. Such addition also enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy without significantly compromising compression strength. These findings provide useful guidelines for the industrial production and applications of PUFs.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yin Yam Chan, Andreas Korwitz, Doris Pospiech, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) were prepared with different combinations of flame retardants and additives to evaluate their synergistic effects on the properties of FPUFs. It was found that the combination of expandable graphite and phosphorous polyol significantly improved the char yield of the foams, thereby enhancing their flame retardancy. Furthermore, the addition of expandable graphite effectively reduced smoke and toxic gas emissions, while the replacement of polyether polyol with castor oil maintained the physical and mechanical properties and improved the bio-based content.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Yao Chen, Zhuyu Bai, Xiaoyu Xu, Jianbing Guo, Xiaolang Chen, Shaw Ling Hsu, Zongcheng Lu, Hong Wu
Summary: Researchers have developed a hybrid expandable graphite (EG) intumescent flame retardant for improving the fire safety of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The flame-retardant properties of RPUF composites with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) self-assembled on the surface and interlamination of EG (HCCP@EG) were significantly enhanced, achieving a UL-94 V-0 level and a limiting index higher than 27.0%. The presence of HCCP also improved the mechanical property of RPUF composites through enhancing the interface compatibility between EG and RPUF.
Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Li, Dong Liang, Kai Li, Xuemei Ma, Jianlan Cui, Zhiyong Hu
Summary: A hypophosphorous acid-based ionic liquid was synthesized and used with expandable graphite to enhance the flame retardancy of wood-plastic composites. The combination significantly reduced heat release rate and improved the char formation ability, demonstrating a synergistic effect on flame retardancy.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Junhe Zhang, Yingze Liu, Xin Fu, Ting Wang, Gaohui Sun, Xu Zhang, Shihui Han
Summary: This paper focuses on synthesizing reactive phosphate-containing polyol (PPCP) and combining it with expandable graphite (EG) to enhance the flame retardancy and use safety of rigid isocyanate-based polyimide foam (RPIF). The combination of PPCP and EG forms a dense char layer with flame barrier and toxic gas adsorption effects, improving the overall fire performance and safety of RPIF. The optimal ratio of EG and PPCP is found to be 2:1 (RPIF-10-5), which exhibits the highest LOI, low CCT results, specific optical density of smoke, and low HCN concentration. These findings are significant for the application of RPIF.
Article
Polymer Science
Jin Kim, Sang-Bum Kim
Summary: In order to improve the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam, different particle sizes and expansion rates of expandable graphite were added. Urethane and isocyanurate ring were confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the heat resistance of the foam was analyzed through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The effect of expandable graphite on the mechanical properties was confirmed by measuring the compressive strength, while the flame retardancy was analyzed through UL94 V test, Limited Oxygen Index (LOI), and measurement of weight loss due to combustion.
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: An alternative phosphorous soybean-oil-based polyol was used for flexible polyurethane foams synthesis, with the addition of 5% and 10% expandable graphite (EG) to improve flame retardancy. The combination of phosphorous polyols and EG showed significantly enhanced flame retardancy, with a three times increase in char yield, indicating a potential strategy for future flame retarded FPUFs.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mei-Lin Zhang, Xi-Lin Dong, Yan Tang, An-Chi Huang, Fang Chen, Qing-Chun Kang, Zhong-Jun Shu, Zhi-Xiang Xing
Summary: In this study, a new type of composite fire-extinguishing powder was prepared and characterized for its morphology, structure, and thermal stability. The results showed that the powder had a smaller particle size and higher thermal stability compared to the unmodified counterpart. It was also found that the combination of sodium carbonate and expandable graphite had a synergistic effect on flame suppression and improved the fire-extinguishing efficiency.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Shitong Liang, Jichun Liu, Yiming Guo, Jie Luo, Hongyu Liu, Shuge Peng
Summary: In this study, the fire performance, thermal degradation behavior, and acid resistance of polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide composite were investigated after introducing expandable graphite (EG). The results showed that the addition of proper EG significantly enhanced flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and acid resistance of the composite.
POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wei Zhao, Hai-Bo Zhao, Jin-Bo Cheng, Wenxiong Li, Jiayan Zhang, Yu-Zhong Wang
Summary: This article introduces a formaldehyde-free phosphorus-containing polysiloxane coating for flame retardancy of EPS foam. The coating acts as both an adhesive and a flame retardant, providing durable thermal insulation and forming a graphited char layer to isolate oxygen, heat, combustible compounds, and smoke particles during combustion. EPS composites treated with this coating exhibit high fire safety and excellent comprehensive performance.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Ya-chao Wang, Jing-jing Xue, Kang Yu, Fan Li, Jin Xie, Jiang-ping Zhao
Summary: The synergistic effect of the silane coupling agent (KH550) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) co-modified boron nitride (BN) on the fireproof property of silicone acrylic emulsion-based composite was investigated. The results showed that an appropriate loading of BN enhanced flame retardancy and improved the water resistance of the coating. The co-modified BN reacted with phosphoric acid and increased the thermal insulation of the coating.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
