Article
Optics
Xin Chen, Jason E. E. Hurley, Jeffery S. S. Stone, Ming-Jun Li
Summary: Chromatic dispersion is an important factor affecting fiber transmission performance. Various measurement methods have been developed for different types of fibers. In this paper, a simple and robust method using a frequency domain instrument and a vector network analyzer is introduced to measure the chromatic dispersion of single-mode, polarization-maintaining, and few-mode fibers. By measuring the complex transfer function of the fiber transmission using a vector network analyzer, the group delays for each mode can be determined. The obtained group delay data over different wavelengths can be used to calculate the chromatic dispersion of each mode.
Article
Optics
Pengshuai Shao, Luyao Wang, Yan Wang, Shuguang Li, Zenghui Li, Xiaokai Wang, Liling Ma, Xiaojian Meng, Ying Guo, Jianshe Li, Tonglei Cheng, Yongze Liang, Weiwei Xu, Yu Qin, Hui Zhou
Summary: This study prepares seven-core five-mode fiber and single-core five-mode fiber with the same core structure using plasma chemical vapor deposition. The transmission characteristics of the fibers are measured and characterized, revealing stable transmission of multiple LP modes and low loss and bending resistance in the single-core fiber. The seven-core fiber shows low transmission loss and inter-core crosstalk, enabling high-density and low-crosstalk transmission. These achievements contribute to the development of future communication systems.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Georg Rademacher, Ruben S. Luis, Benjamin J. Puttnam, Roland Ryf, Sjoerd van der Heide, Tobias A. Eriksson, Nicolas K. Fontaine, Haoshuo Chen, Rene-Jean Essiambre, Yoshinari Awaji, Hideaki Furukawa
Summary: This paper compares the use of 3-mode few-mode fibers and 3-core coupled-core multi-core fibers in space-division multiplexed transmission systems. The analysis shows that the coupled-core multi-core fiber achieves higher data rates at shorter transmission distances.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Optics
Chi Liu, Yajun Jiang, Junzhong Li, Bobo Du, Xinya Liao, Jianguo Wang, Dexing Yang
Summary: An effective and stable method for selective fiber Bragg grating inscription in multicore fibers using a femtosecond laser and phase mask is presented. The method ensures precise positioning of the laser focal-line inside the multicore fiber, resulting in consistent and high-performance FBGs with different wavelengths. The FBGs show good consistency and strong directional bending response.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Jianxun Yu, Fengze Tan, Changyuan Yu
Summary: With the widespread use of few-mode fibers, the testing of mode characteristics has become crucial. This paper discusses the current testing techniques for few-mode fibers and selects and demonstrates the principle of the S-2 imaging technique for few-mode fiber characterization. A few-mode fiber characterization system based on the S-2 imaging technique is built to accurately measure the mode dispersion of two-mode fibers of different lengths. Various filters are then applied to extract the fundamental and high-order modes and obtain mode coupling components. The proposed system spatially characterizes the few-mode fiber by resolving the interference information from the superimposed optical field and offers a simple structure and easy operation, providing parameter guidance for designing and optimizing few-mode fibers in sensing experiments.
Article
Optics
Shuang Wang, Xiao Liu, Haiyan Wang, Guijun Hu
Summary: We propose and experimentally demonstrate a high-order mode fiber laser based on few-mode fiber gratings. The laser can achieve simultaneous lasing of different modes at the same wavelength and different modes at different wavelengths, making it suitable for mode-division multiplexing-wavelength-division multiplexing optical communication systems.
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Optics
Baorui Yan, Jianyong Zhang, Muguang Wang, Youchao Jiang, Shuchao Mi
Summary: In this paper, a deep learning method is proposed to fully characterize the degenerated mode of high-order mode (HOM) group in few-mode fibers (FMFs). The method uses three polarization projection images to recover the modal coefficients and utilizes a well-trained deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to efficiently learn the mapping relationship between the two-dimensional intensity distribution and the one-dimensional coefficients space of eigenmodes. The evaluation results show the feasibility and stability of the proposed method based on the coefficient errors and image correlation.
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xu-Bin Lin, Yu-Xin Gao, Jin-Gan Long, Jia-Wen Wu, Wei-Yi Hong, Hu Cui, Zhi-Chao Luo, Wen-Cheng Xu, Ai-Ping Luo
Summary: This study introduces an all few-mode fiber figure-eight laser STML by a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror at 1.0 μm, capable of generating single and multiple pulses at different central wavelengths. Various types of bound-state solitons were also achieved, contributing to a better understanding of the nonlinear characteristics of STML fiber lasers and their potential applications in optical communications.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xuekai Gao, Jian Xu, Wei Zhang, Feipeng Lei, Jingjing Zheng, Li Pei, Jianshuai Wang, Jinchuan Chai, Tigang Ning
Summary: An all-fiber strain sensor based on few-mode fiber hybrid construction is proposed and demonstrated to solve the problem of cross-sensitivity between strain and temperature. The sensor exhibits strain sensitivity through wavelength shift and light intensity analysis, and shows promising performance in practical sensing applications under different temperatures.
OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Optics
Yu Yang, Ruiting Cheng, Jiaxin Liu, Mingqing Zuo, Yuyang Gao, Lei Shen, Lei Wang, Xiaoyu Zhu, Zhangyuan Chen, Yongqi He, Juhao Li
Summary: This paper evaluates the influence of Fan-in/fan-out (FI/FO) devices on short-reach optical interconnect and successfully demonstrates high-speed optical interconnection using low-crosstalk compact devices fabricated by the laser-direct-writing (LDW) technique.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Feng Huang, Huanhuan Li, Kunyang Wang, Can Li, Shiqing Xu, Junjie Zhang
Summary: In this study, a saturable absorber was designed using a single mode-few-mode-single mode fiber structure, and its saturable absorption properties were tuned by changing the fiber length, achieving stable mode-locked output.
INFRARED PHYSICS & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Optics
Rabiu Imam Sabitu, Nafizah Goriman Khan, Amin Malekmohammadi
Summary: This paper reports on mode conversion using tilted few-mode fiber assisted by dual arc waveguide. A multilayer core multimode fiber is used for modeling the device. The optimized device achieves high efficiency conversions between different modes, making it suitable for mode-division multiplexing communication.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Maroun Bsaibes, Yves Quiquempois, Stephane Plus, Adrien Masselot, Guillaume Labroille, Marianne Bigot, Jean-Baptiste Trinel, Pierre Sillard, Laurent Bigot
Summary: This study quantifies the contributions of light scattering and extra-loss mechanisms to total losses and differential mode attenuation for three different few-mode fibers. The results show that a trapezoidal index profile is a good compromise for reducing attenuation and differential mode attenuation while maintaining large effective index differences between modes to minimize mode coupling.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Shaokang Bai, Yujin Xiang, Zuxing Zhang
Summary: We propose and construct a comb filter based on few-mode fiber (FMF), which is realized by dislocation splicing a few-mode long-period fiber grating (FM-LPFG) with a single-mode fiber (SMF). By using an all-fiber laser with a FMF-based comb filter, switchable single-, dual-, triple-, and quadruple-wavelength continuous light can be generated. In addition, wavelength switchable mode-locked pulses are obtained with increased pump power. The experiment demonstrates that the output wavelength of the mode-locked fiber laser can be changed from 1567.72 nm to 1571.04 nm while maintaining a signal-to-noise ratio above 61 dB. Switchable multiwavelength continuous wave (CW) and mode-locked all-fiber lasers have potentially important applications in fiber sensing, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and signal processing.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Rumao Tao, Long Huang, Min Li, Benjian Shen, Xi Feng, Lianghua Xie, Jin Weng, Dong Zhi
Summary: Evaluating the laser quality accurately is crucial for laser sources. The beam quality of lasers from large mode area few-mode fibers has been affected by high order modes for a long time. This paper introduces a modification to the M-2 factor, which can evaluate the mode content of fiber lasers accurately and efficiently, regardless of coherent or incoherent fiber modes. The modification eliminates the impact of uncontrollable relative phase on the second moment, restoring the one-to-one mapping between mode content and M-2 factor, even for coherent superposition cases. Numerical simulations support the validity of the modified M-2 factor for evaluating the mode content of high power fiber lasers. The power fraction of LP11 mode content is determined to be less than 3% when the modified M-2 factor is less than 1.1.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nishita Chowdhury, Wayne Hutchison, Nicolas Riesen, Elmars Krausz, Hans Riesen
Summary: We investigated the properties of a unique color center in mechanochemically synthesized inverse perovskite crystals. The color center exhibits luminescence in the near-infrared region with a long lifetime and stable emission intensity. However, it bleaches upon exposure to sunlight.
Article
Optics
Saurabh Bhardwaj, Toney Teddy Fernandez, Simon Gross, Michael J. Withford, Michael J. Steel
Summary: This study investigates the morphology of femtosecond laser, single pulse-inscribed, point-by-point fiber Bragg gratings. The refractive index profile of a point-by-point grating is directly measured using micro-reflectivity analysis. The grating is imaged at a sub-micrometer scale using scanning electron microscopy, and Raman and photoluminescence studies are conducted to probe the structural and electronic changes. The results from different characterization techniques suggest that the creation of an increased refractive index region around the micro-void is due to contributions from both densification and the formation of highly polarizable non-bridging oxygen bonds.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Norfadira Wahib, Nicolas Riesen, Hans Riesen
Summary: The generation of Mn4+ in alpha-Al2O3:Mn3+ by soft X-ray exposure is demonstrated, indicating the potential use of alpha-Al2O3:Mn3+ for multilevel optical data storage.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Optics
Yongsop Hwang, Nicholas Phillips, Dale E. Otten, Nicolas Riesen, David G. Lancaster
Summary: The coupling characteristics between a single mode fiber and a waveguide embedded in a glass chip were investigated using a graded index fiber tip. The experimental coupling efficiency reached 88%, which can be further improved by anti-reflection coating. It was demonstrated that a gap can be introduced between the chip waveguide and the fiber tip while maintaining high coupling efficiency.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Nicolas Riesen, Zane Q. Peterkovic, Bin Guan, Alexandre Francois, David G. Lancaster, Craig Priest
Summary: The rapid development of optofluidic technologies has led to the demand for sensing platforms that are easy to use, have simple sample manipulation, and provide high performance and sensitivity. This study presents an integrated optofluidic sensor that combines a pillar array-based open microfluidic chip and caged dye-doped whispering gallery mode microspheres. The sensor shows potential for simple real-time monitoring of liquids. The sensor achieves a refractive index sensitivity of approximately 40 nm/RIU and a detection limit of approximately 3 x 10(-3) RIU (approximately 20 mg/mL glucose).
Article
Optics
Glen Douglass, W. Minster Kunkel, Ali Ghoreyshi, Simon Gross, Michael J. Withford, James R. Leger
Summary: In this paper, gradient-index beam shapers are fabricated using the ultrafast laser inscription method. By adjusting the laser pulse energy, arbitrary two-dimensional refractive index profiles can be manufactured, resulting in highly robust and compact beam shapers. Planar waveguides with quadratic index profiles and a more complex two-dimensional refractive index profile are demonstrated to resize Gaussian beams predictably and transform them into super-Gaussian (flat-top) beams.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Toney T. Fernandez, B. Johnston, S. Gross, S. Cozic, M. Poulain, H. Mahmodi, I Kabakova, M. Withford, A. Fuerbach
Summary: Zirconium fluoride glass has been re-designed to fabricate high index-contrast low-loss waveguides using femtosecond laser direct writing. This opens the door for the fabrication of mid-infrared integrated photonic devices.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nicolas Riesen, Craig Priest, David G. G. Lancaster, Kate Badek, Hans Riesen
Summary: Thin films of BaFCl:Sm nanocrystals with a polymer binder were used to create fluorescence images. The films were exposed to UV-C light, resulting in the conversion of Sm3+ to Sm2+ ions and a large linear dynamic range. The red fluorescence of Sm2+ was read-out using blue-violet illumination and a laser scanning confocal microscope, with a resolution equivalent to 125 line pairs per mm or 6400 dpi for 16 greyscale levels. Higher resolutions could be achieved with collimated UV-C laser exposure or higher resolution photomasks. Ultra-high resolution binary fluorescence images with resolutions down to 2 μm (250 line pairs per mm, 12,700 dpi) were also created. The technology could have applications in anti-counterfeiting labeling.
Article
Optics
T. Toney Fernandez, B. Johnston, H. Mahmodi, K. Privat, I. Kabakova, S. Gross, M. Withford, A. Fuerbach
Summary: The femtosecond laser direct write technique was used to fabricate mid-infrared compatible waveguide couplers with high stability and high refractive index change, providing possibilities for the development of fully integrated and temperature-stable systems in the mid-infrared spectral range.
Proceedings Paper
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Marc-Antoine Martinod, Teresa Klinner-Teo, Peter Tuthill, Simon Gross, Elizabeth Arcadi, Glen Douglass, Jacinda Webb, Barnaby Norris, Olivier Guyon, Julien Lozi, Tiphaine Lagadec, Nemanja Jovanovic, Nick Cvetojevic, Alexander Arriola, Thomas Gretzinger, Michael J. Withford, Jon S. Lawrence, Sergio Leon-Saval
Summary: Nulling interferometry is a promising technique for imaging exoplanets at solar system scales. The GLINT instrument has made significant advances in performance and has detected exoplanets below the telescope's diffraction limit.
OPTICAL AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY AND IMAGING VIII
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Barnaby R. M. Norris, Marc-Antoine Martinod, Peter Tuthill, Simon Gross, Nick Cvetojevic, Nemanja Jovanovic, Tiphaine Lagadec, Teresa Klinner-teo, Olivier Guyon, Julien Lozi, Vincent Deo, Sebastien Vievard, Alex Arriola, Thomas Gretzinger, Jon S. Lawrence, Michael J. Withford
Summary: Photonic technologies enable imaging exoplanets and circumstellar structure with extreme contrast ratios by suppressing contaminating starlight. This study presents a new method using outputs from non-science channels of a photonic nulling chip for precise calibration and real-time fringe tracking.
OPTICAL AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY AND IMAGING VIII
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Astronomy & Astrophysics
A. Sanny, S. Gross, L. Labadie, D. Defrere, A. Bigioli, R. Laugier, C. Dandumont, M. Withford
Summary: The Hi-5 instrument is a small-footprint 4-telescope photonic beam combiner that is used to detect and characterize young exoplanets in the mid-infrared L' band. It utilizes nulling interferometry to suppress the strong stellar radiation and enhance the planetary signal. The prototype of this beam combiner was manufactured using ultrafast laser inscription and its properties were measured using a spectro-interferometric lab bench.
OPTICAL AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY AND IMAGING VIII
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Astronomy & Astrophysics
C. Dandumont, A. Mazzoli, V. Laborde, R. Laugier, A. Bigioli, G. Garreau, S. Gross, M. Ireland, H. -D. Kenchington Goldsmith, L. Labadie, M. -A. Martinod, G. Raskin, A. Sanny, J. Loicq, D. Defrere
Summary: Hi-5 is a proposed high-contrast nulling interferometric instrument for the VLTI, aimed at directly imaging and characterizing the snow line of young planetary systems. The spectrometer is based on a dispersive grism and integrated optics beam-combiner for achieving the required contrast and sensitivity. The paper presents technical requirements, trade-off studies, and optical design of the Hi-5 spectrometer, along with the different spectroscopic modes and efficiency estimates.
OPTICAL AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY AND IMAGING VIII
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Denis Defrere, Azzurra Bigioli, Colin Dandumont, Germain Garreau, Romain Laugier, Marc-Antoine Martinod, Olivier Absil, Jean-Philippe Berger, Emilie Bouzerand, Benjamin Courtney-Barrer, Alexandre Emsenhuber, Steve Ertel, Jonathan Gagne, Adrian M. Glauser, Simon Gross, Michael J. Ireland, Harry-Dean Kenchington, Jacques Kluska, Stefan Kraus, Lucas Labadie, Viktor Laborde, Alain Leger, Jarron Leisenring, Jerome Loicq, Guillermo Martin, Johan Morren, Alexis Matter, Alexandra Mazzoli, Kwinten Missiaen, Muhammad Salman, Marc Ollivier, Gert Raskin, Helene Rousseau, Ahmed Sanny, Simon Verlinden, Bart Vandenbussche, Julien Woillez
Summary: This paper presents an update on the Hi-5 imager project, focusing on the overall architecture, opto-mechanical design, injection system, and development of the photonic beam combiner. The instrument is designed for high-contrast and high-sensitivity imaging within the diffraction limit of a single telescope, with complementary nulling outputs and simultaneous photometric outputs. The key science projects include surveying nearby young planetary systems near the snow line and nearby main sequence stars near the habitable zone.
OPTICAL AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY AND IMAGING VIII
(2022)
