Review
Psychiatry
Daichi Sone
Summary: This narrative mini-review provides an overview of recent updates in in vivo neuroimaging studies on comorbid psychosis in epilepsy. Advanced methods such as brain network analysis and machine learning models have shown promising results in structural MRI analysis. Diffusion MRI has revealed white matter abnormalities mainly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Functional neuroimaging has identified hyperactivity in various brain regions. However, current limitations include small sample sizes, lack of control groups, effects of psychoactive drugs, and lack of longitudinal analysis. Further investigations are needed to establish novel treatments and identify biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring in comorbid psychosis in epilepsy.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Paolo Bellavite
Summary: Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, especially those associated with aging, are increasing, and natural substances such as flavonoids have been studied for their neuroprotective effects. Studies on animal models have shown that hesperidin and quercetin, two commonly used flavonoids, have the potential to prevent or mitigate the effects of depression, neurotoxicity, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. These substances have been found to modulate various mechanisms and targets, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroinflammatory processes. While clinical trials on humans are limited, preclinical studies suggest that hesperidin, quercetin, and other flavonoids could be promising dietary molecules for the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kit-Kay Mak, Zhang Shiming, Jun Sheng Low, Madhu Katyayani Balijepalli, Raghavendra Sakirolla, Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova, Ola Epemolu, Zulkefeli Mohd, Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika
Summary: The anti-inflammatory activity and NRF2 activation ability of Auranamide and patriscabratine, two amides from Melastoma malabathricum, were evaluated. The compounds showed dose-dependent effects in downregulating inflammation and upregulating antioxidant gene expression. Additionally, they exhibited metabolic stability in vitro.
Review
Cell Biology
Yangbin Dang, Tiancheng Wang
Summary: This article reviews the mechanisms underlying posttraumatic epilepsy, including neuroinflammation and intestinal flora. These mechanisms have important implications for the prevention and treatment of PTE.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hui Wan, Zhixiao Liu, Guangdong Liu, Shuaiyu Yi, Pengfei Yan, Huiqiu Deng, Wangyu Hu, Fei Gao
Summary: Electrochemical cycling induces transition-metal ion migration and oxygen vacancy formation in layered transition-metal oxides, causing performance decay. This study used ab initio calculations and atomic level imaging to explore the migration mechanisms in LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, revealing favorable pathways for transition-metal migration and the critical role of nickel in stabilizing layered cathodes. Insights from this study may lead to tailored layered cathodes with high structural stability and superior performance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Youngin Lee, Young-Hoon Kim, Jae-Hyun An, Jae-Chul Lee
Summary: This study explores the collective effects of crystal structure, temperature, and electric field on the ionic conductivity of various electrolytes. The results show that abundant stable Li interstitial sites in the crystals shorten the jumping distance for Li self-diffusion, while charge polarization of the P2S7 cluster widens the Li diffusion passage. These findings fill the knowledge gaps regarding the ionic conduction mechanisms and provide design criteria for developing highly conductive solid electrolytes.
Review
Orthopedics
Adam J. Tagliero, Michael J. Foster, Heath P. Melugin, Charles A. Su
Summary: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of labral and cartilage damage in the hip. Recent studies have found inflammatory and immunologic components in the disease process, affecting the hip synovium, labrum, and cartilage, which can be detected from peripheral clinical samples. More research is needed to understand the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of FAI.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS
(2023)
Review
Oncology
Aqu Alu, Hong Lei, Xuejiao Han, Yuquan Wei, Xiawei Wei
Summary: Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key component in regulating signaling pathways that affect B cell and myeloid cell functions, making it a promising target for treating B cell malignancies and inflammatory diseases. Several small molecule inhibitors have shown effectiveness in hematological cancers, and efforts are being made to develop more selective BTK inhibitors and combination approaches to overcome acquired resistance. Exciting progress has also been made in repurposing BTK inhibitors for treating inflammatory disorders. This review provides an overview of the current progress and clinical studies in using BTK inhibitors for hematological malignancies and inflammatory diseases.
JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ting Zhang, Chiranjivi Bhattarai, Yeongkwon Son, Vera Samburova, Andrey Khlystov, Sergey A. Varganov
Summary: Pyrolysis of anisole, a model compound for lignin in biomass tar, was studied at temperatures from 300 to 650 degrees C, revealing different decomposition products at various temperature ranges. Insights into reaction mechanisms were gained through detailed studies using density functional theory and high-level coupled cluster methods. The results will contribute to the development of predictive kinetic models for anisole decomposition and similar compounds.
Review
Immunology
Carson C. Petrash, Alan G. Palestine, M. Valeria Canto-Soler
Summary: The potential of replacing dysfunctional retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) with stem cell grafts to improve vision in patients with retinal disorders is being explored by numerous research groups. However, factors such as immune responses, unique immunologic environments, and variability in assessment techniques and drug regimens complicate comparisons of findings and determination of successful outcomes in RPE transplant trials. Further research is needed to address these complicating factors and improve the design of future transplants and investigations.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lijian Leng, Lihong Yang, Hongxiao Zu, Jiayi Yang, Zejian Ai, Weijin Zhang, Haoyi Peng, Hao Zhan, Hailong Li, Qifan Zhong
Summary: Understanding the pyrolysis pathways of nitrogen-rich biomass is crucial for the production of valuable N-rich biochar and bio-oil, as well as the reduction of fuel-N to prevent NOX emissions. In this study, laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical calculations were integrated to investigate the pyrolysis of glycine, the simplest amino acid in biomass. The major reactions involved dehydration and decarboxylation processes, with H free radical transfer playing a dominant role. The pyrolysis of glycine and its derivatives resulted in the formation of common products and some additional chemicals not observed in previous studies, providing new insights into the pyrolysis mechanisms.
Article
Biology
Ali Mohamed Alshabi, Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq
Summary: This study investigated the antiepileptic activity of Vateria indica and found that it has significant antiepileptic effects mediated by positive GABAergic neurotransmission and antioxidant capabilities. The results support the potential use of Vateria indica as a natural anticonvulsant drug.
SAUDI JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Neurosciences
Britta E. Lindquist, Clare Timbie, Yuliya Voskobiynyk, Jeanne T. Paz
Summary: Generalized epilepsy affects 24 million people globally, with a quarter of cases being refractory to treatment. The thalamus plays a critical role in this type of epilepsy due to its widespread connections and ability to generate different firing patterns. Transitions from tonic firing to burst firing in thalamic neurons can lead to seizures and altered consciousness. Understanding the mechanisms of thalamic activity in generalized epilepsy syndromes may lead to new therapeutic opportunities.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
(2023)
Review
Behavioral Sciences
Elena M. Suleymanova
Summary: Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of brain pathology, causing various pathological effects such as changes in neuronal excitability and astrocyte dysfunction. It is also linked to the pathogenesis of epilepsy and comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders like mood and anxiety disorders and memory impairment.
EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Thomas W. Owen, Gabrielle M. Schroeder, Vytene Janiukstyte, Gerard R. Hall, Andrew McEvoy, Anna Miserocchi, Jane de Tisi, John S. Duncan, Fergus Rugg-Gunn, Yujiang Wang, Peter N. Taylor
Summary: By comparing the interictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) band power from patients with surgical failure to normative maps, we were able to identify patient-specific abnormalities and propose three mechanisms contributing to poor surgical outcome. We developed markers of these mechanisms and validated them against patient outcomes.