The architecture, kinematics, and lithospheric processes of a compressional intraplate orogen occurring under Gondwana assembly: The Petermann orogeny, central Australia

We ally aeromagnetic interpretation with constrained three-dimensional (3D) gravity inversion over the Musgrave Province in central Australia to produce a 3D architectural and kinematic model of the ca. 550 Ma compressional intraplate Petermann orogeny. Our model is consistent with structural, metamorphic, and geochronological constraints and crustal-scale seismic models. Aeromagnetic interpretation indicates that divergent thrusts at the margins of the province are cut by transpressional shear zones that run along the axis of the orogen. Gravity inversion indicates that the marginal thrusts are crustal-scale and shallow-dipping, but that the transpressional shear zones of the axial zone are more steeply dipping, and penetrate the crust-mantle boundary, accommodating offsets of 10-25 km. This thick wedge of mantle within the lower crust has been in isostatic disequilibrium for more than 500 Ma, and we suggest that this load may be supported by local lithospheric strengthening resulting from the emplacement of relatively strong lithospheric mantle within the relatively weak lower crust. Other orogenic processes inferred from the model include: probable inversion of relict extensional architecture; crustal-scale strain partitioning leading to strain accommodation by the vertical and lateral extrusion of relatively undeformed crustal blocks; and escape tectonics directed toward the relatively free eastern margin of the orogen. These processes are consistent with the concept that mechanical and thermal heterogeneities in the lithosphere, and the resulting feedbacks with deformation, are the dominant controls on intraplate orogenesis. This model also demonstrates that the architecture and kinematics of the Petermann orogeny require modification of leading models of Gondwana assembly.