Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
John Eymann, Lionel Joucla, Guy Jacob, Jean Raynaud, Chaza Darwich, Emmanuel Lacote
Summary: New energetic polymers based on polytetrazenes have direct incorporation of energetic groups in the polymer backbone, with decomposition temperature at around 130 degrees Celsius and glass transition temperatures ranging from -34.2 to 0.2 degrees Celsius, lowering to -61 degrees Celsius with a new diazidotetrazene plasticizer. Complete room-temperature depolymerization within 1 week is achieved using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), enabling recycling of pyrotechnic compositions with these new binders.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Abhishek Kumar Yadav, Richa Rajak, Vikas D. Ghule, Srinivas Dharavath
Summary: In this study, six new energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) were synthesized, which exhibit high energy density, excellent thermal stability, and insensitivity to mechanical stimuli, making them promising for various applications.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Darren Herweyer, Jaclyn L. Brusso, Muralee Murugesu
Summary: The ever-growing demand for cleaner and higher-performing energetic materials has led to a quest to replace toxic metal-based traditional energetic compounds. This review examines strategies for the design and synthesis of next-generation nitrogen-rich, green primary explosives, focusing on potassium-based energetic salts, metal-free ionic energetic salts, and metal-free covalent energetic materials. Different combinations of nitrogen-rich frameworks and energetic substituents are highlighted for their explosive performance, initiability, safety, and environmental impact, along with key parameters associated with energetic materials.
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Deepika Kanyan, Miriana Horacek-Glading, Martijn J. Wildervanck, Tilo Sohnel, David C. Ware, Penelope J. Brothers
Summary: Sugar-O-BODIPY conjugates were synthesized through an acid-catalyzed transesterification procedure, characterized using NMR spectroscopy, and showed unique binding preferences and optical properties.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yiming Luo, Wanwan Zheng, Xuanjun Wang, Fei Shen
Summary: This paper summarizes the nitro group and its impact on the properties of high-energy materials, discusses the design principles of nitro compounds, and concludes the nitration methods for different nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds. In addition, the future development direction of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds is also outlined.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sohan Lal, Richard J. Staples, Jean'ne M. Shreeve
Summary: New 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7)-based energetic salts were synthesized and characterized. The salts exhibited high density, good thermal stability and balanced nitrogen and oxygen contents. Their propulsive and detonation properties were evaluated and found to be superior to RDX and AP, and comparable to TKX-50. The energetic salts show potential as highly promising secondary explosives and solid propellants.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ru Feng, Hanqing Yin, Fuhao Jin, Wei Niu, Wanting Zhang, Jingquan Liu, Aijun Du, Wenrong Yang, Zhen Liu
Summary: This study demonstrates that NbB2 nanoflakes exhibit excellent selectivity and durability in ambient electrochemical N-2 reduction reaction, leading to efficient NH3 production. The high selectivity is attributed to the presence of abundant active vacancies on the surface, which makes the N-N triple bonds in N-2 molecule easier to break for NH3 production.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Bihai Chen, Han Lu, Jiayi Chen, Zhaoxu Chen, Shuang-Feng Yin, Lifen Peng, Renhua Qiu
Summary: This article discusses the development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials based on the tetrazole skeleton. It first introduces the properties and utilization of nitrogen-rich energetic materials, and then highlights the advantages of the tetrazole skeleton. It then provides a detailed classification, synthesis, and properties of high-nitrogen energetic materials based on tetrazole.
TOPICS IN CURRENT CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Zhiping Huang, Shengliang Xu, Xinli Chen, Min Wang, Hua Yuan, Huali Zhao, Yuanyuan Zhang
Summary: The new emitting illuminant, composed of boron carbide, potassium perchlorate, and guanidine nitrate, replaces the commonly used combination of barium carbonate and PVC, demonstrating great potential in applications such as fireworks and signal flare.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dongshuai Su, Jinxiong Cai, Ping Yin, Siping Pang
Summary: In this study, a highly thermostable energetic compound was synthesized through regioisomeric N-functionalization of an asymmetric pyrazole-triazole backbone. The compound showed effective competition with other N-methyl functionalized nitrogen-rich azoles and low sensitivity to impact and friction, making it a heat-resistant energetic material.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Xiangyan Miao, Xinbo Yang, Yuchuan Li, Siping Pang
Summary: In recent years, azole-rich energetic compounds have become a research hotspot due to their excellent properties. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the physicochemical and energetic properties of various energetic materials, emphasizing the relationship between thermal stability and the structural, physicochemical, and energetic properties of azole-rich energetic compounds. Five aspects, including functional group modification, bridging, preparation of energetic salts, energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), and co-crystals, can be considered to improve the thermal stability of compounds. It has been demonstrated that increasing the strength and number of hydrogen bonds of azoles and expanding the π-π stacking area are the key factors to improve thermal stability, which offers a valuable way to develop energetic materials with higher energy and thermal stability.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Alexander A. Larin, Alla N. Pivkina, Ivan V. Ananyev, Dmitry V. Khakimov, Leonid L. Fershtat
Summary: In this study, a new series of energetic salts incorporating a (1,2,4-triazolyl) furoxan core were synthesized and their physicochemical properties were extensively evaluated. These nitrogen-rich salts exhibited high thermal stability, good density, and high positive enthalpies of formation, resulting in excellent detonation performance and low sensitivities to impact and friction.
FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xinyuan Miao, Gang Liu, Hongan Ma, Zhuangfei Zhang, Lijuan Zhou, Xiaopeng Jia
Summary: This paper investigates the PL spectra of N-rich B-doped diamond single crystals grown in NiMnCo solvent before and after HPHT annealing. The study discusses the influence of boron impurity and HPHT annealing on optical centers in N-rich B-doped diamonds. The results show that boron incorporation significantly influences the PL intensity of Ni-N, Co-N, and NV- related optical centers in diamonds.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Peng Wang, Shuyuan Wang, Baoyi Wang, Laihong Shen, Tao Song
Summary: This study proposes a sustainable route for NH3 production via the pyrolysis process of microalgae. It was found that H2 promotes the conversion of nitrogen into gaseous products while reducing nitrogen content in solid char and bio-oil. Pyrolysis temperature plays an important role in the distribution and conversion of N-containing species.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jovica Nesic, Ilija N. Cvijetic, Jovica Bogdanov, Aleksandar Marinkovic
Summary: Three green energetic plasticizers based on azido-esters were synthesized in a two-step process and characterized using various analytical techniques. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to predict important properties, and the synthesized compounds were compared to common plasticizers based on their energetic and physical properties.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Thomas M. Klapoetke, Regina Scharf, Joerg Stierstorfer, Cornelia C. Unger
Summary: The luminescent bacteria inhibition test using Aliivibrio fischerii is an established method for determining the aquatic toxicity of soluble chemicals, providing initial toxicity information of compounds towards aquatic organisms. Different types of energetic materials were investigated and compared, including coordination, neutral, and ionic compounds, as well as different substitution patterns and energetic functionalities such as azido-, nitro-, and nitramino-groups.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dominik E. Dosch, Marco Reichel, Max Born, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Konstantin Karaghiosoff
Summary: Recent models such as Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plot analysis offer improved sensitivity predictions for energetic materials; the accuracy of structure-property relationship predictions from crystal structures increases with sample size over time; future research should continue to investigate different energetic materials for a better understanding of these relationships.
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maximilian Benz, Thomas M. Klapotke, Burkhard Krumm, Marcus Lommel, Jorg Stierstorfer
Summary: The diazotization of nitrosemicarbazide led to the formation and isolation of nitrocarbamoyl azide, which exhibited surprising stability, reactivity, and sensitivity, with a melting point at 72 degrees C and a detonative decomposition point at 83 degrees C. Five selected salts were synthesized and the decomposition mechanism of nitrocarbamoyl azide in solution was investigated, clarifying its properties through experiments with methanol and hydrazine as trapping reagents. The energetic and physicochemical properties of these compounds were investigated and categorized.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Thomas M. Klapotke, Muhamed Suceska
Summary: Urbanski found that replacing air in solid explosives with non-explosive liquids can increase detonation velocity in materials with density lower than TMD. Using EXPLO5 code, detonation velocities for RDX combined with ten non-explosive liquids were calculated, showing that filling voids in high-explosive powders with liquids like ethylene glycol, water, or glycerin can help boost final detonation velocity.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dirk Herrmannsdoerfer, Thomas M. Klapoetke
Summary: This study used helium pycnometry to measure and analyze the density of CL-20/HMX cocrystals and phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate, developing a method to accurately assess the quality and significance of the data. By quantifying sources of error and utilizing confidence intervals, a repeatability of 0.015% was achieved, with the ability to differentiate between samples with a certainty of 0.05%.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dirk Herrmannsdoerfer, Thomas M. Klapoetke
Summary: The reduction of liquid and gas inclusions is crucial for producing reduced sensitivity high explosives. Assessing crystal quality is essential for improving crystallization techniques. Digital image processing proves to be a promising tool for differentiating crystal qualities, showing potential for crystal quality assessment and improvement. The study demonstrates that semibatch reaction cocrystallisation can produce coarse crystals of similar quality on a pilot plant scale compared to antisolvent crystallisation on a laboratory scale.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tobias Lenz, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Moritz Muhlemann, Jorg Stierstorfer
Summary: By synthesizing a series of azidonitrate derivatives, this study revealed significant differences in their properties, including chemical and energetic aspects such as melting points and mechanical sensitivities. The research results showed a decreasing trend in melting points among these compounds, with the tetraazido derivative exhibiting the highest sensitivity.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Konstantin Karaghiosoff, Burkhard Krumm, Jorg Stierstorfer
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANORGANISCHE UND ALLGEMEINE CHEMIE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Thomas M. Klapoetke, Muhamed Suceska
Summary: TKX-50, a potential energetic material, is being investigated for its application as a secondary explosive in rocket propellants due to its sensitivity and explosive performance data.
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANORGANISCHE UND ALLGEMEINE CHEMIE
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun, Djalal Trache, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Burkhard Krumm, Moritz Kofen
Summary: In this study, microcrystalline cellulose carbamate nitrate (MCCCN) and ordinary cellulose carbamate nitrate (OCCN) were successfully synthesized as insensitive and high-energy dense polymers for the first time. The efficient surface modification approach used in the study produced MCCCN and OCCN with excellent features such as high density, explosion energy, and detonation velocity, which outperformed conventional nitrocellulose. This work provides a novel pathway for preparing insensitive energetic polymers from renewable cellulose, further promoting the functional application of cellulose-based energetic materials.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dominik E. Dosch, Karen Andrade, Thomas M. Klapotke, Burkhard Krumm
Summary: Previous studies have shown the high potential of TNEF for application, but production has never exceeded a few grams. This work describes a scaled and optimized synthetic procedure for producing TNEF in a 100 g pre-technical scale, with a focus on cost and greener purification. Acceptable yields were achieved in the 100 g scale, indicating potential for broader application in a technical scale.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Education, Scientific Disciplines
Michael Scheid, Laura Pohl, Magdalena Rusan, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Stefan Schwarzer
Summary: Sparklers offer various topics for chemistry education, including redox chemistry, environmental impacts, and current research in pyrotechnics. The focus of this unit is on producing sparklers as a school experiment and testing their effects on living organisms. By passing sensitivity tests based on German safety guidelines, students can safely produce sparklers.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun, Djalal Trache, Thomas M. Klapotke, Aimen Selmani, Mohamed Saada, Salim Chelouche, Abderrahmane Mezroua, Amir Abdelaziz
Summary: This research successfully utilized giant reed to produce promising new energetic biopolymers COCN and CMCCN, which outperformed traditional biopolymer nitrates. Kinetic studies showed that these materials exhibit good thermal stability and high density.
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Max Born, Thomas C. Fessard, Lucas Goettemann, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Jorg Stierstorfer, Michael Voggenreiter
Summary: A new solid-state oxidizer, 3,3-dinitratooxetane, with 62.2% oxygen content was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The study also involved the preparation of 3-nitratooxetane and the first-time synthesis of 3-nitrato-3-methyloxetane, along with theoretical calculations and sensitivity tests towards impact and friction.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Letter
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Cornelia C. Unger, Marcel Holler, Burkhard Krumm, Thomas M. Klapoetke
CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS
(2021)
