Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yaprak Subasi, Elif Sena Tekin, Yurii Prots, Franziska Jach, Mehmet Somer, Semih Afyon, Peter Hoehn
Summary: A transparent, dark orange Ba[Au(N-3)(4)](2)·4 H2O compound was synthesized by reacting nitrite and gold salt in aqueous solution. This compound is highly explosive.
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Xiang Chen, Shenghui Wang, Yuankai Chen, Yongpeng Hu, Cong Zhang, Zhaoqi Guo, Haixia Ma
Summary: This study synthesized and characterized four alkaline earth metal salts with the nitrogen-rich 3,6-bis-nitroguanyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine anion, and evaluated their structures and thermal properties. The results revealed good thermal stability and energetic performance of these salts, making them suitable for perchlorate-free pyrotechnic components.
APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiangyu Fan, Yang Liu, Mingdeng Wang, Chao Li, Yajie Zheng, Yang Liu, Xiangyun Zhong, Guozhong Xu, Yaru Zhang, Yifei Feng, Bin Bai, Jinfeng Bai
Summary: The influence of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals on coke reactivity and coke microstructure was studied, and high-reactivity metallurgical cokes were produced using the mechanical mixing method. The gasification kinetics of coke samples were further investigated to understand the catalytic mechanism of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals on cokes, providing a basis and guidance for hydrogen-rich blast furnace charge production. The addition of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals significantly increased the chemical reactivity index of cokes. Furthermore, it was observed that the microstructure of cokes changed after the addition, with increased contact area and reduced disorder, leading to increased reactivity.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Emrah Karaer, Dursun Ali Kose, Zarife Sibel Sahin, Onur Sahin
Summary: Novel coordination compounds of coumarilic acid with alkaline earth metal cations [Mg2+ (1 ), Ca2+ (2 ), Sr2+ (3 ) and Ba2+ (4 )] were synthesized and structurally characterized. Structure 1 is an aqua complex, while structures 2, 3, and 4 are in polymeric form with coordination number eight. Spectroscopic analysis suggests that the latter three structures are isostructural. The thermal decomposition of all structures leaves metal oxide residues, as confirmed by powder XRD.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ailijiang Abudurusuli, Junben Huang, Peng Wang, Zhihua Yang, Shilie Pan, Junjie Li
Summary: Li4MgGe2S7 is an infrared NLO material with a large band gap and strong nonlinear optical effect, promising a high laser damage threshold and suitable SHG response. It provides insights into the design of new DL compounds with outstanding IR NLO performances.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jurong Zhang, Gang Chen, Hanyu Liu
Summary: By conducting extensive structure searches on a high-pressure Y-Si system using the CALYPSO structure prediction methodology, multiple stable stoichiometries of YSi, YSi2, YSi3, Y5Si3, YSi, and Y3Si were identified. Among these structures, Y3Si was predicted to be an electride with superconducting critical temperatures of approximately 11.2 and 14.5 K at 30 and 50 GPa, respectively, showcasing the significant role of electrons at the Fermi surface in determining the superconductivity of the predicted structures.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maciej Hodorowicz, Monika Sternal, Anna Jurowska, Janusz Szklarzewicz
Summary: Five complexes containing alkaline earth metal salts (Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) and [W(CN)(6)(bpy)](-) ion were synthesized and characterized. The structures of Ca[W(CN)(6)(bpy)]ClO4 center dot 3H(2)O and Sr[W(CN)(6)(bpy)]NO3 center dot 2H(2)O were analyzed using X-ray crystallography and compared with previously studied Me-2[WIV(CN)(6)(bpy)] and Me[WV(CN)(6)(bpy)] complexes.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ralf Albrecht, Michael Ruck
Summary: The reaction of chalcogen dioxides with As2O3 in a high-temperature hydroflux solution resulted in the formation of potassium trichalcogenides crystals with dimensions up to 2 cm. The new heterochalcogenide anion was formed during the process. The reduced activity of water played a key role in the unexpected redox reaction and precipitation of hygroscopic compounds.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Qin Chen, Yanan Chong, Mumin Rao, Ming Su, Yongcai Qiu
Summary: By introducing different alkaline earth metal salt solutions into alpha-Fe2O3 nanorods grown on carbon cloths through quenching, electrodes doped with different alkaline earth metal ions (M-Fe2O3@CC) can be obtained, among which Sr-Fe2O3@CC shows the best electrochemical capacitance of 77.81 mF cm(-2) at a current of 0.5 mA cm(-2), which is 2.5 times that of alpha-Fe2O3@CC. The results demonstrate that quenching is a feasible new idea for improving the electrochemical performances of nanostructured materials.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhiqiang Wu, Longwen Jiang, Quan Dong, Qiang Gao, Jingxuan Cai, Xiaowei Cheng
Summary: Active alumina was synthesized via the gel-sol method and the effect of rare Earth and alkaline Earth metal doping modification on its high-temperature stability was investigated. Different contents of La, Ce, and Ba were analyzed using various characterization techniques. The results showed that suitable single doping of La, Ce, and Ba inhibited the phase transition of alumina and improved its high-temperature stability.
FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zi-Xin You, Chen Wang, Yao Xiao, Qing-Lin Guan, Jin-Xiao Li, Yong-Heng Xing, Hong-Wei Gao, Li-Xian Sun, Feng-Ying Bai
Summary: Photoresponsive materials, particularly alkaline earth metal coordination networks, show promising properties for applications such as secret inks, ultraviolet detectors, and fluorescence sensors for drug molecules. Further research is needed to enhance and optimize these materials for future improvements.
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jiawei Wu, Haotong Liang, Yuxin Wang, Jianzu Zhang, Qijun Zhang, Juan Lv, Enchen Jiang, Yongzhi Ren, Zhifeng Hu
Summary: Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) have different effects on catalysis and agglomeration at different times during chemical looping gasification (CLG) in biomass. This study investigated the promotion and agglomeration effects of AAEMs on CLG performance at different times. The results showed that K played a major role in promoting CLG before 20 min and inhibiting CLG at 30 min. Na and Mg had obvious catalytic and promotional effects after excitation. Ca significantly promoted the whole CLG process. Mg slightly slowed down the conversion of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4, while Ca delayed the conversion to FeO, resulting in less adhesion and obvious inhibition of agglomeration. The effect of Mg on reducing agglomeration was weaker than that of Ca, but better than that of K and Na.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Biomedical
Yihang Weng, Yujia Jian, Wenlong Huang, Zhuojun Xie, Ying Zhou, Xibo Pei
Summary: Regeneration of bone defects is a major challenge, and scaffold materials have potential in treating bone defects, but current materials do not meet expectations. Alkaline earth metals show osteogenic capabilities and their combined use improves properties. This review discusses the characteristics and applications of alkaline earth metals, particularly magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium, in osteogenesis. It also highlights the potential cross-talk between pathways and addresses current drawbacks and future directions in scaffold materials.
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Javaria Naeem, Rehana Bano, Khurshid Ayub, Tariq Mahmood, Sobia Tabassum, Anam Arooj, Mazhar Amjad Gilani
Summary: This study explores the geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of alkali and alkaline earth metals doped cubane complexes. Doping with these metals enhances the NLO properties by reducing the excitation energy of cubane. The results demonstrate potential applications for these designed complexes in high-performance NLO materials.
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chong-Yuan Zhang, Qiang Wu, Ying-Dong Wang, Jin-Tao Fan, Zi-Zong Zhu
Summary: In this study, carbonization experiments were conducted on cokes produced from Jurassic and Carboniferous coking coals. The quality of cokes from Jurassic coals was found to be inferior to that from Carboniferous coals. Analyzing the coal samples, it was discovered that the excessive oxygen-containing functional groups in the Jurassic coals led to the poor quality of the cokes.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Thomas M. Klapoetke, Guillaume Lemarchand, Tobias Lenz, Moritz Muehlemann, Joerg Stierstorfer, Ralf Weber
Summary: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is a sensitive and brisant explosive. The sensitivity of PETN varies with its water content, and existing literature on this topic has conflicting results due to different operators and laboratories. In this study, pure PETN samples with varying water contents were prepared and analyzed using standardized machines and a single operator. The findings provide valuable insights for assessing the handling safety of wet PETN.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maximilian Benz, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Joerg Stierstorfer
Summary: In this study, a compound that combines both azide and nitrimino substituents directly attached to a tetrazole scaffold was successfully synthesized. The synthesis process and the properties of the compound were thoroughly analyzed and characterized. The sensitivity and detonation parameters of the compound were calculated and measured.
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Moritz Kofen, Vanessa Braun, Simon M. J. Endrass, Thomas M. Klapotke, Joerg Stierstorfer
Summary: In this study, the highly sensitive 1-(nitratomethyl)-5H-tetrazole (1-NAMT) was synthesized for the first time and thoroughly analyzed. The formation of energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) with nitroaromatic anions was found to be a suitable strategy to improve the thermal stability of 1-NAMT.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Simon M. J. Endrass, Andreas Neuer, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Joerg Stierstorfer
Summary: In this study, 5-Methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3-diol was synthesized and its vapor pressure was analyzed using the transpiration method. Several energetic coordination compounds of its respective anion were prepared and compared with structurally close styphnate complexes to understand the physiochemical trends. The synthesized compounds were further analyzed by various methods and tested for their sensitivities towards mechanical stimuli and flame behavior.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maximilian Benz, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Niklas Koelbl, Jürgen Kuch, Tobias Lenz, Ersel Parigi, Jörg Stierstorfer
Summary: In this study, the known material pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was modified by introducing nitramine, ionic nitramine, amine, ionic amine, and tetrazole functionalities. The obtained compounds, which are structurally similar to PETN, show potential to replace toxic TNT based on their sensitivity, thermal behavior, and performance.
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Veronika Fuchs, Konstantin Karaghiosoff, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Joerg Stierstorfer, Michael Voggenreiter
Summary: By introducing azide and tetrazole functionalities to an oxetane ring, energetic oxetanes with higher nitrogen contents than previously reported were synthesized. The synthesized derivatives were characterized through various methods and their crystal structures were determined. Their sensitivities and energetic properties were also evaluated.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Markus Roesch, Michael S. Gruhne, Marcus Lommel, Simon M. J. Endrass, Joerg Stierstorfer
Summary: In this study, nitrogen-rich endothermic ligands 1vinyl-5H-tetrazole (1-VTZ, 1) and 1-allyl-5H-tetrazole (1-ATZ, 2) were used to form energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) with 3d metal ions (Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+). The performance and sensitivity of the complexes were discussed by varying the ligands and chain length. The compounds were characterized and evaluated for their energetic performances using various analytical methods and sensitivity tests.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Thomas M. Klapoetke, Guillaume Lemarchand, Tobias Lenz, Moritz Muehlemann, Joerg Stierstorfer, Fabian Venetz, Ralf Weber, Jens Wutke
Summary: The sensitivity of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) during the manufacturing process is investigated. Limited literature is available about the explosive during production, making it necessary to have a deeper understanding of safety parameters for optimization or changes in the process. Thus, a small-scale laboratory reactor is used to simulate the industrial process. Impact and friction sensitivities of emergency drowned, spent acid wet, and acid washed PETN are examined, along with samples taken from the filter of the SSE production. This data will enhance handling safety and plant design.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Elena Reinhardt, Simon Thamm, Joerg Stierstorfer, Thomas M. Klapoetke
Summary: In this study, six different energetic salts and three new derivatives of methylene bridged nitropyrazoles were synthesized and extensively characterized. The compounds were evaluated for their sensitivities and energetic properties. The effect of introducing methylamino and methylnitramino groups in alkyl-bridged nitropyrazole system on their properties was investigated. Additionally, the suitability of an azido compound as a potential metal-free primary explosive was examined.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Maximilian Benz, Arthur Delage, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Moritz Kofen, Joerg Stierstorfer
Summary: The research project aimed to identify a literature known explosive for future use as a melt-cast explosive. The substance should meet all industrially relevant requirements in addition to being theoretically suitable as a substitute. Extensive literature research was conducted to identify suitable candidates, followed by resynthesis and verification of key properties for the three most promising substances. If all criteria are met, synthesis optimization and preindustrial upscaling should be conducted.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Thomas M. Klapoetke, Jasmin T. Lechner, Leon W. B. Stanislawski, Joerg Stierstorfer, Moritz Muhlemann, Guillaume Lemarchand
Summary: In this study, the synthesis of RDX via the intermediate TRAT was investigated as a possible alternative industrial production method. Feasible nitration methods from TRAT to RDX were also explored. The suitability for large-scale production, comparison of established methods, and feasibility of a new flow process were discussed.
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jasmin T. Lechner, Christian Riedelsheimer, Simon M. J. Endrass, Nina M. Gerold, Jennifer Heidrich, Burkhard Krumm, Joerg Stierstorfer, Thomas M. Klapoetke
Summary: Numerous nitramine bridged compounds with promising properties have been identified in the field of energetic materials. This study synthesized and characterized several new energetic materials and compared their properties to the traditional material RDX. The thermal behavior and sensitivities of these compounds were also investigated.
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Maximilian Benz, Sabrina Doerrich, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Tobias Lenz, Mohamed Mouzayek, Joerg Stierstorfer
Summary: A bishydroxymethyl-1,2,3-triazole compound was synthesized through a [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction with selective nitration. The obtained 2-nitrotriazole exhibited high density (1.764g cm(-3)) and detonation velocity (8590 m s(-1)), and could be classified as an oxidizer with an oxygen balance towards CO of 12%. Additional rare representatives of 2-nitro-1,2,3-triazoles were also synthesized and characterized using N-15 NMR spectroscopy, crystal structure analysis, and elemental analysis.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maximilian Benz, Thomas M. Klapoetke, Joerg Stierstorfer, Michael Voggenreiter
Summary: 1-Amino-5-nitriminotetrazole has been synthesized for the first time via acid-catalyzed protection and aprotic nitration, and its salts have been synthesized by addition of corresponding bases. Most of the nitrogen-rich salts exhibit insane explosive properties, competing with the most powerful non-nuclear explosives. The introduction of a fused triazolium cation results in a promising secondary explosive with high performance, low sensitivity, and high thermal stability. Metal salts (K and Ag) are successfully used to initiate pentaerythritol tetranitrate using a classical detonator setup.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Moritz Kofen, Alexander G. Harter, Thomas M. Klopotke, Jorg Stierstorfer
Summary: This study focused on the synthesis and characterization of energetic coordination compounds using 1,5-dimethyltetrazole as a ligand. The compounds were obtained by reacting 1,5-dimethyltetrazole with different metal cations and anions. The resulting complexes were investigated for their physicochemical properties and sensitivities.
ENERGETIC MATERIALS FRONTIERS
(2022)
