Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) on soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition

In many areas of the world, polybrominated diphenyl ethers are ubiquitous due to their use as fire retardants. It is known that the hydrophobic characteristics of PBDEs cause them to sink in soil and sediment, yet their effect on microbes within the soil is not well understood. In this study, soil was treated with 1, 10, and 100 mg kg(-1) BDE 209 for up to 45 days. Treatment effects on soil enzymatic activities for urease and catalase were evaluated. The impact on the microbe community structure was estimated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis after polymerase chain reaction amplification of total genomic DNA, using bacterial variable V3 region targeted primers. The effects on the soil microbial community size and major bacterial groups were evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Forty-five days after the addition of BDE 209, urease activity was suppressed by BDE 209, even at a concentration of 1 mg kg(-1). Catalase activity increased in the samples containing lower concentrations of BDE 209, but was suppressed in samples containing higher concentrations. The bacterial community also varied in response to the addition of BDE 209, and the variation of community composition differed among treatments. In addition, alpha, beta and gamma subclass proteobacteria decreased in the group of 100 mg kg(-1) BDE 209 spiked soil after 45 days of treatment. Throughout the experiment, no BDE 209 degradation was detected under darkness. These observations demonstrated that BDE 209 in soil, although of low bioavailability, had an adverse impact on the structure and function of the soil microbial community and microbial processes.