Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Jonathan Z. Li, Joel N. Blankson
Summary: A small percentage of HIV-1 patients, known as elite controllers (ECs) or posttreatment controllers (PTCs), can control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. Although these patients may serve as a model for a functional cure for HIV-1, the mechanisms responsible for viral control remain unclear. Research on controllers provides important insights for HIV cure research.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Xiaodong Lian, Ce Gao, Xiaoming Sun, Chenyang Jiang, Kevin B. Einkauf, Kyra W. Seiger, Joshua M. Chevalier, Yuko Yuki, Maureen Martin, Rebecca Hoh, Michael J. Peluso, Mary Carrington, Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos, Steven G. Deeks, Eric S. Rosenberg, Bruce D. Walker, Mathias Lichterfeld, Xu G. Yu
Summary: The study found that defective proviruses in elite controllers are more commonly located in permissive genic euchromatin positions, while intact proviruses are frequently found in heterochromatin regions, indicating differential immune selection pressure on intact and defective proviruses in ECs. The intact and defective proviruses from ECs also showed reduced frequencies of escape mutations in key immune response regions, possibly due to the small and poorly inducible reservoir in ECs. Additionally, a subset of ECs harbored nef deletions in intact proviruses, which may increase viral vulnerability to host immunity in these individuals.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mathieu Claireaux, Remy Robinot, Jerome Kervevan, Mandar Patgaonkar, Isabelle Staropoli, Anne Brelot, Alexandre Nouel, Stacy Gellenoncourt, Xian Tang, Melanie Hery, Stevenn Volant, Emeline Perthame, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Julian Buchrieser, Thomas Cokelaer, Christiane Bouchier, Laurence Ma, Faroudy Boufassa, Samia Hendou, Valentina Libri, Milena Hasan, David Zucman, Pierre de Truchis, Olivier Schwartz, Olivier Lambotte, Lisa A. Chakrabarti
Summary: Individuals who can naturally control HIV infection have lower levels of the viral co-receptor CCR5 in specific CD4 (+) T cells, which is due to mutations or receptor internalization. These individuals also maintain CD4 + T cells with high avidity for Gag antigens and potent effector functions. The downregulation of CCR5 in specific CD4 + T cells contributes to decreased susceptibility to CCR5-dependent HIV entry in these individuals.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Yuting Shi, Jinming Su, Rongfeng Chen, Wudi Wei, Zongxiang Yuan, Xiu Chen, Xinwei Wang, Hao Liang, Li Ye, Junjun Jiang
Summary: The natural progression of HIV-1 infection leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and elite controllers (ECs) who can naturally control the virus offer hope for a functional cure. Innate immunity activation plays a key role in HIV-1 infection, and understanding its regulation and disease progression mechanism can contribute to the cure of AIDS.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Rafael Cena-Diez, Aswathy Narayanan, Shilpa Ray, Maarten van de Klundert, Jimmy E. Rodriguez, Johan Nilvebrant, Per-Ake Nygren, Akos Vegvari, Robert van Domselaar, Anders Sonnerborg
Summary: WC-am, a dipeptide, has been found to be increased in elite controllers, who can control HIV-1 infection. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-HIV-1 activity and mechanism of action of WC-am. The results showed that WC-am binds to the CD4 binding pocket of HIV-1 gp120, blocking its binding to host cell receptors, and inhibits HIV-1 replication by affecting reverse transcription.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Jean Baptiste N'takpe, Delphine Gabillard, Raoul Moh, Elise Gardiennet, Thomas-d'Aquin Toni, Gerard M. Kouame, Anani Badje, Arlette Emieme, Sophie Karcher, Jerome Le Carrou, Herve Menan, Christine Danel, Serge P. Eholie, Christine Rouzioux, Xavier Anglaret, Olivier Lambotte
Summary: Data on HIV-1 controllers in Africa is limited. A small proportion of HIV-1 infected adults in West Africa were identified as controllers, with low levels of HIV-1 DNA and inflammatory markers, high CD4(+) cell counts, and low morbidity rates. Further studies are needed to determine the risks and benefits of starting ART for these controllers.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Valerie Lorin, Valerie Monceaux, Sylvie Orr, Asma Essat, Jeremy Dufloo, Olivier Schwartz, Christine Rouzioux, Laurence Meyer, Laurent Hocqueloux, Asier Saez-Cirion, Hugo Mouquet
Summary: This study characterized the humoral immune response to HIV-1 in post-treatment controllers and found that they can be divided into two distinct groups based on viral behavior and immune signatures. Virally-exposed post-treatment controllers displayed stronger immune responses, which may contribute to their ability to control infection.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Ciputra Adijaya Hartana, Yelizaveta Rassadkina, Ce Gao, Enrique Martin-Gayo, Bruce D. Walker, Mathias Lichterfeld, Xu G. Yu
Summary: The upregulation of host lncRNA MIR4435-2HG in mDCs of elite controllers is associated with a distinct immunometabolic profile, influencing the metabolic state of mDCs through epigenetic mechanisms involving H3K27ac enrichment at an intronic enhancer in the RPTOR gene locus. This suggests a role of MIR4435-2HG in enhancing immunometabolic activities of mDCs in elite controllers through targeted epigenetic modifications of a member of the mTOR signaling pathway.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Review
Virology
Rahaman Ademolu Ahmed, Khalid Olajide Adekoya, Chika Kingsley Onwuamah, Bolanle Olufunmilayo Oboh, Smita Swaminathan Iyer, Ayomide Samuel Oluwatosin, Rosemary Ajuma Audu, Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi
Summary: This study investigates the mechanisms of elite control and nonprogressive phenotype among PLHIV in Nigeria and South Africa, and identifies research gaps in this area. Understanding the mechanisms behind the nonprogressive phenotype in this subgroup is crucial for controlling the global HIV epidemic.
Review
Immunology
Ciputra Adijaya Hartana, Xu G. Yu
Summary: HIV-1 elite controllers are a small subset of individuals infected with HIV-1 who can naturally control viral replication without the need for antiretroviral therapy. Recent studies have shown that these individuals maintain a unique viral reservoir with intact HIV-1 proviruses integrated into noncoding regions of the host genome, possibly due to potent antiviral immune responses. While HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells are believed to play a major role in controlling viral replication in elite controllers, there is increasing evidence suggesting that the interaction with innate immune cells also contributes to this immune control. The complex immune mechanisms involved in natural HIV-1 control without drugs represent a promising area for future research to find a cure for HIV-1 infection.
CURRENT OPINION IN HIV AND AIDS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Diogo Gama Caetano, Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves, Eugenio Damaceno Hottz, Larissa Melo Vilela, Sandra Wagner Cardoso, Brenda Hoagland, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Valdilea Goncalves Veloso, Mariza Goncalves Morgado, Patricia Torres Bozza, Monick Lindenmeyer Guimaraes, Fernanda Heloise Cortes
Summary: HIV controllers exhibit elevated levels of inflammation markers associated with cardiovascular diseases, while elite controllers show lower but persistent levels of inflammation, similar to the group receiving antiretroviral therapy, suggesting the potential benefits of alternative therapies to decrease inflammation.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Kai Kammers, Athena Chen, Daniel R. Monaco, Sarah E. Hudelson, Wendy Grant-McAuley, Richard D. Moore, Galit Alter, Steven G. Deeks, Charles S. Morrison, Leigh A. Eller, Joel N. Blankson, Oliver Laeyendecker, Ingo Ruczinski, Susan H. Eshleman, H. Benjamin Larman
Summary: Low HIV viral load is linked to delayed disease progression and reduced transmission, with HIV controllers able to suppress viral load without treatment. The study used the VirScan antibody profiling system to compare antibody reactivity in different HIV groups. Results showed that controllers had higher antibody reactivity to certain peptides compared to non-controllers who were virally suppressed on ART.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Maria Borrell, Irene Fernandez, Flor Etcheverrry, Ainoa Ugarte, Montserrat Plana, Lorna Leal, Felipe Garcia
Summary: Elite controllers (EC) are a rare group of HIV-1-positive individuals who can suppress viral loads to undetectable levels without ART. This study found that the rate of disease progression in EC, including loss of viral control, decline in CD4+ T cell counts, development of AIDS, or death, was very high over a median follow-up period of 17 years, with only a minority of patients showing no progression at all.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Sho Sugawara, R. Keith Reeves, Stephanie Jost
Summary: This article reviews the known characteristics of innate immune responses in HIV-1 elite controllers (ECs) and animal models, identifies gaps in knowledge regarding responses by adaptive or trained innate immune cells, and speculates on potential strategies to induce EC-like responses in non-controllers.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Philipp Adams, Gilles Iserentant, Jean-Yves Servais, Linos Vandekerckhove, Guido Vanham, Carole Seguin-Devaux
Summary: This study reveals that HIV controllers show significantly increased suppression at baseline and after peptide stimulation, indicating a positive correlation between IFN-gamma secretion, Ki67 proliferation marker, and viral suppressive capacity (VSC). Furthermore, detailed phenotypes of three distinct multifunctional memory CD8(+) T cell subsets are specific traits of HIV controllers, two of which are convincingly correlated with VSC. Our results underline the importance of multifunctional CD8(+) T cell responses during natural control.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Yaseen Galali, Zagros A. Omar, S. Mohammad Sajadi
FOOD SCIENCE & NUTRITION
(2020)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Saman Saadat, Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani, James Logue, Michelle Newman, Matthew B. Frieman, Anthony D. Harris, Mohammad M. Sajadi
Summary: This study compared the titers of binding and neutralizing antibodies in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 after receiving a single dose of mRNA coronavirus vaccine.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kathryn M. Hastie, Haoyang Li, Daniel Bedinger, Sharon L. Schendel, S. Moses Dennison, Kan Li, Vamseedhar Rayaprolu, Xiaoying Yu, Colin Mann, Michelle Zandonatti, Ruben Diaz Avalos, Dawid Zyla, Tierra Buck, Sean Hui, Kelly Shaffer, Chitra Hariharan, Jieyun Yin, Eduardo Olmedillas, Adrian Enriquez, Diptiben Parekh, Milite Abraha, Elizabeth Feeney, Gillian Q. Horn, Yoann Aldon, Hanif Ali, Sanja Aracic, Ronald R. Cobb, Ross S. Federman, Joseph M. Fernandez, Jacob Glanville, Robin Green, Gevorg Grigoryan, Ana G. Lujan Hernandez, David D. Ho, Kuan-Ying A. Huang, John Ingraham, Weidong Jiang, Paul Kellam, Cheolmin Kim, Minsoo Kim, Hyeong Mi Kim, Chao Kong, Shelly J. Krebs, Fei Lan, Guojun Lang, Sooyoung Lee, Cheuk Lun Leung, Junli Liu, Yanan Lu, Anna MacCamy, Andrew T. McGuire, Anne L. Palser, Terence H. Rabbitts, Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Rogier W. Sanders, Aaron K. Sato, Liang Schweizer, Jimin Seo, Bingqing Shen, Jonne L. Snitselaar, Leonidas Stamatatos, Yongcong Tan, Milan T. Tomic, Marit J. van Gils, Sawsan Youssef, Jian Yu, Tom Z. Yuan, Qian Zhang, Bjoern Peters, Georgia D. Tomaras, Timothy Germann, Erica Ollmann Saphire
Summary: Antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines are crucial in combating COVID-19, especially with mutations and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. An international consortium identified multiple RBD-directed antibody communities, providing a framework for selecting treatment cocktails.
Article
Immunology
Joel V. Chua, Charles Davis, Jennifer S. Husson, Amy Nelson, Ilia Prado, Robin Flinko, Ka Wing J. Lam, Lydiah Mutumbi, Bryan T. Mayer, Dan Dong, William Fulp, Celia Mahoney, Monica Gerber, Raphael Gottardo, Bruce L. Gilliam, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Nicole Yates, Guido Ferrari, Georgia Tomaras, David Montefiori, Jennifer A. Schwartz, Timothy Fouts, Anthony L. DeVico, George K. Lewis, Robert C. Gallo, Mohammad M. Sajadi
Summary: The IHV01 vaccine is a safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic FLSC vaccine construct capable of eliciting broadly reactive antibody responses against conserved CD4i epitopes, mediating antiviral functions.
Article
Microbiology
William D. Tolbert, Dung N. Nguyen, Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Marzena Pazgier
Summary: N49P6, a near-pan-neutralizing antibody targeting the CD4-binding site isolated from the plasma of an HIV-1 elite neutralizer, patient N49, exhibits exceptional neutralization breadth and potency due to its unique combination of CD4-binding site antibody characteristics along with interactions with the highly conserved gp120 inner domain. Furthermore, structural analysis of N49P6 in complex with the BG505 SOSIP trimer reveals that it achieves remarkable breadth by mimicking CD4's interaction with the neighboring gp120 protomer, representing a new class of CD4-binding site-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Matthew Frieman, Anthony D. Harris, Ramin Sedaghat Herati, Florian Krammer, Alberto Mantovani, Maria Rescigno, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Viviana Simon
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Matthew Weichseldorfer, Yvonne Affram, Alonso Heredia, Zahra Rikhtegaran-Tehrani, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Sumiko P. Williams, Yutaka Tagaya, Francesca Benedetti, Habib O. Ramadhani, Frank Denaro, Arshi Munawwar, Joseph Bryant, Davide Zella, Marvin Reitz, Fabio Romerio, Olga S. Latinovic
Summary: This study utilized a humanized mouse model with HIV-1 to analyze viral suppression and identify solid tissue reservoirs such as lymph nodes, brain, spleen, and liver. The findings suggest that these organs harbor residual infected cells, highlighting the importance of appropriate animal models for studying HIV-1 eradication efforts.
JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
J. Tyson McDonald, Francisco J. Enguita, Deanne Taylor, Robert J. Griffin, Waldemar Priebe, Mark R. Emmett, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Anthony D. Harris, Jean Clement, Joseph M. Dybas, Nukhet Aykin-Burns, Joseph W. Guarnieri, Larry N. Singh, Peter Grabham, Stephen B. Baylin, Aliza Yousey, Andrea N. Pearson, Peter M. Corry, Amanda Saravia-Butler, Thomas R. Aunins, Sadhana Sharma, Prashant Nagpal, Cem Meydan, Jonathan Foox, Christopher Mozsary, Bianca Cerqueira, Viktorija Zaksas, Urminder Singh, Eve Syrkin Wurtele, Sylvain Costes, Gustavo Gastao Davanzo, Diego Galeano, Alberto Paccanaro, Suzanne L. Meinig, Robert S. Hagan, Natalie M. Bowman, Matthew C. Wolfgang, Selin Altinok, Nicolae Sapoval, Todd J. Treangen, Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira, Charles Vanderburg, Douglas C. Wallace, Jonathan C. Schisler, Christopher E. Mason, Anushree Chatterjee, Robert Meller, Afshin Beheshti
Summary: The research demonstrates that miR-2392 is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, with potential for use in COVID-19 detection and as a target for antiviral therapy. Targeting miR-2392 can significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 viability, indicating a potential treatment for COVID-19.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani, Mohammad M. Sajadi
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Farrokh Habibzadeh, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Konstantin Chumakov, Mahboobeh Yadollahie, Shyamasundaran Kottilil, Ashraf Simi, Kristen Stafford, Saeid Saeidimehr, Mohammad Rafiei, Robert C. Gallo
Summary: A longitudinal cohort study in Iran found that indirect exposure to live attenuated poliovirus was associated with decreased symptomatic infection with COVID-19. Further studies on the potential protective effect of OPV should be conducted, especially in countries where specific COVID-19 vaccines are delayed or less affordable.
Article
Microbiology
Mohammad M. Sajadi, Amber Myers, James Logue, Saman Saadat, Narjes Shokatpour, James Quinn, Michelle Newman, Meagan Deming, Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani, Laurence S. Magder, Maryam Karimi, Abdolrahim Abbasi, Mike Shlyak, Lauren Baracco, Matthew B. Frieman, Shane Crotty, Anthony D. Harris
Summary: Understanding the immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is crucial in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in individuals with and without prior infection, revealing that the severity of infection impacts the IgA responses in primary infection and vaccination response (peak responses and durability), which has implications for protection against reinfection.
Review
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Mayela Rodriguez-Violante, Monica S. Ponce-Rivera, Daniel Martinez-Ramirez, Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
Summary: The diverse clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease require the involvement of multiple healthcare professionals. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges to implementing multidisciplinary care models, but innovative virtual platforms are being developed to address this issue.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mohammad M. Sajadi, Narjes Shokatpour, Madeleine Purcell, Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani, Allison Lankford, Allison Bathula, James D. Campbell, Elizabeth Adrianne Hammershaimb, Kristopher B. Deatrick, Casey Bor, Dawn M. Parsell, Colleen Dugan, Andrea R. Levine, Sabrina C. Ramelli, Daniel S. Chertow, Daniel L. Herr, Kapil K. Saharia, George K. Lewis, Alison Grazioli
Summary: This study investigated the fate of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk in infants and whether they are delivered to immunologically relevant sites. The results showed that vaccination antepartum followed by breast milk feeding is the best way to provide systemic and local antibodies for infants. Breast milk fed infants only acquired antibodies if their mothers were vaccinated antepartum, highlighting the importance of maternal transfer of antibodies through breastfeeding.
Correction
Medicine, General & Internal
F. Habibzadeh, M. M. Sajadi, K. Chumakov
Meeting Abstract
Clinical Neurology
S. Thebault, M. Abdoli, S. Fereshtehnejad, D. Tessier, V. Tabard-Cossa, M. S. Freedman
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL
(2020)
Article
Virology
Naiqing Xu, Xinen Tang, Xin Wang, Miao Cai, Xiaowen Liu, Xiaolong Lu, Shunlin Hu, Min Gu, Jiao Hu, Ruyi Gao, Kaituo Liu, Yu Chen, Xiufan Liu, Xiaoquan Wang
Summary: This study found that the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus has a high airborne transmissibility, while the H7N9 virus does not. The Hemagglutinin protein of the H9N2 virus was found to play a key role in replication, stability, and airborne transmission.
Article
Virology
Samar S. Ewies, Sabry M. Tamam, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim, Sherin R. Rouby
Summary: Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats worldwide. The study provided a clinical description of CE and screened for genetic variation in the B2L gene. Infected sheep exhibited anorexia and oral lesions, while inoculated chicken embryos showed pock lesions. The B2L gene was successfully amplified and found to be highly conserved.
Article
Virology
Yigal Farnoushi, Dan Heller, Avishai Lublin
Summary: In recent years, new variants of avian reovirus (ARV) have caused a variety of symptoms in chickens worldwide, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. This study analyzed emerging ARV variants in Israel and found significant genetic diversity. Most ARV isolates in Israel belonged to genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The study suggests that Israel has not experienced the emergence of new ARV variants since the introduction of the live vaccine (ISR-7585), but ongoing monitoring is needed due to the continuous emergence of ARV variants.
Article
Virology
Shigeru Tajima, Michiyo Kataoka, Yuki Takamatsu, Hideki Ebihara, Chang-Kweng Lim
Summary: Yokose virus (YOKV), a bat-associated flavivirus, was found to replicate at a slower rate in mosquito cells compared to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Specific nucleotide mutations in the virus were identified to enhance its proliferation ability in mosquito cells.
Article
Virology
Alejandra Borjabad, Baojun Dong, Wei Chao, David J. Volsky, Mary Jane Potash
Summary: This study investigated HIV brain disease using a mouse model, and found that poly I:C can reverse associated cognitive impairment and reduce virus burden. The results also revealed transcriptional changes related to neuronal function and innate immune responses.
Article
Virology
Ching-Hung Lin, Feng-Cheng Hsieh, Meilin Wang, Chieh Hsu, Hsuan-Wei Hsu, Chun-Chun Yang, Cheng-Yao Yang, Hung-Yi Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates that the synthesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA is not solely determined by the sequence homology between the leader TRS and TRS-B, but also by the disassociation of the coronavirus polymerase from the viral genome. This finding provides a new insight into the transcription mechanism of coronaviruses.
Article
Virology
Nicholas S. Kron, Benjamin W. Neuman, Sathish Kumar, Patricia L. Blackwelder, Dayana Vidal, Delphina Z. Walker-Phelan, Patrick D. I. Gibbs, Lynne A. Fieber, Michael C. Schmale
Summary: Two recent studies documented the genome of a novel virus in marine animals, finding that the virus is widespread in apparently healthy animals but not highly expressed in neurons. The studies also identified viral replication factories and high levels of defective genomes in chronically infected animals.
Article
Virology
Andrew M. Ramey, Laura C. Scott, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Evan J. Buck, Alison R. Williams, Mia Kim Torchetti, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. Poulson
Summary: We successfully detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in hunter-harvested wild waterfowl samples from western Alaska. Genomic analysis revealed three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our findings demonstrate the utility and potential limitations of using molecular processing approaches directly on original swab samples for viral research and monitoring.
Article
Virology
Ting Gong, Dongdong Wu, Yongzhi Feng, Xing Liu, Qi Gao, Xiaoyu Zheng, Zebu Song, Heng Wang, Guihong Zhang, Lang Gong
Summary: This study discovered that quercetin can inhibit PEDV replication both in vivo and in vitro, and alleviate the clinical symptoms and intestinal injury caused by the virus. This provides a new direction for the development of PED antiviral drugs.
Article
Virology
Min Zhu, Hao Zeng, Jianqiao He, Yaohui Zhu, Pingping Wang, Jianing Guo, Jinfan Guo, Huabo Zhou, Yifeng Qin, Kang Ouyang, Zuzhang Wei, Weijian Huang, Ying Chen
Summary: The reassortment between avian H9N2 and Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 viruses may have potentially changed from avian-to-mammals adaptation. This study found that the introduction of EA H1N1 internal genes into H9N2 virus restored the replication capability and resulted in extreme virulence in some cases. This raises new concerns for public health due to the possible coexistence of H9N2 and EA H1N1 viruses in dogs.
