Article
Chemistry, Organic
Tomomi Shiraishi, Kazuki Sato, Rintaro Iwata Hara, Takeshi Wada
Summary: This study reports a synthetic method for cationic oligosaccharides that selectively bind to A-type oligonucleotide duplexes. The stabilizing effect of oligodiaminogalactose (ODAGal) on A-type oligonucleotide duplexes was investigated. By optimizing the synthesis conditions and deprotection method, ODAGal 5mer and 6mer were successfully synthesized, and it was found that longer ODAGals have a more notable stabilizing effect.
ORGANIC & BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Oncology
Xun-Xi Lu, Wen-Xiao Yang, Yu -Chen Pei, Hong Luo, Xiao-Guang Li, Yun-Jin Wang, Guo-Liang Zhang, Hong Ling, Zhi-Ming Shao, Xin Hu
Summary: Dysregulation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is a characteristic of cancer. Investigating the functions and mechanisms of abnormal RBPs can help identify new cancer biomarkers and treatment strategies. In this study, SNRPC was identified as an oncogenic modulator in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). SNRPC upregulation was associated with poor prognosis, and its inhibition impaired TNBC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. SNRPC also contributed to the stability of U1 snRNP and the transcriptional program controlled by RNA Pol II. Knockdown of SNRPC reduced the expression of oncogenes and inhibited TNBC progression via the TNFAIP2-Rac1-β-catenin signaling pathway.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiao Wu, Jian-Hui Li, Long Xu, Ya-Xiong Li, Xiao-Xu Zhu, Xi-Yu Wang, Xingmei Wu, Wei Zhao, Xuhao Ni, Xiao-Yu Yin
Summary: This study identified SENP3 as a potential suppressor of PDAC progression through its interaction with DKC1 and catalyzing the deSUMOylation of DKC1. Overexpression of DKC1 counteracted the anti-metastasis effect of SENP3, and elevated levels of DKC1 were associated with a poor prognosis in PDAC patients.
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Luiza Mendonca, Andrew Howe, James B. Gilchrist, Yuewen Sheng, Dapeng Sun, Michael L. Knight, Laura C. Zanetti-Domingues, Benji Bateman, Anna-Sophia Krebs, Long Chen, Julika Radecke, Vivian D. Li, Tao Ni, Ilias Kounatidis, Mohamed A. Koronfel, Marta Szynkiewicz, Maria Harkiolaki, Marisa L. Martin-Fernandez, William James, Peijun Zhang
Summary: In this study, Peijun Zhang and colleagues utilized advanced imaging techniques to study the infection process of SARS-CoV-2 in cells, revealing the lifecycle of the virus within the cell.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sofia Esteban-Serna, Hugh McCaughan, Sander Granneman
Summary: RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate the lifespan of transcripts and are important in adaptive responses in microbes. UV cross-linking techniques, combined with RNA or protein purification, allow for the examination of protein-RNA interactions and the construction of RBP censuses and transcriptomic maps. Novel methods have expanded our understanding of RBPs in microorganisms. This technical evaluation assesses the advantages and limitations of UV cross-linking techniques, guiding researchers in selecting appropriate methods and experimental design for investigating RNA-binding activity.
MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Jeffrey M. M. Williams, Yu-Jie Chen, Woo Jung Cho, Andrew W. W. Tai, Billy Tsai
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 exploits host factors, specifically the ER membrane proteins RTN3 and RTN4, to promote the formation of DMVs that are critical for efficient viral replication. Different variants of SARS-CoV-2, including the Delta variant, utilize the RTN-dependent pathway to enhance infection. The membrane-embedded reticulon homology domain of RTNs can functionally support viral replication by interacting with viral non-structural membrane proteins NSP3 and NSP4 to induce DMV formation.
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Yuchao Diao, Yingwei Li, Zixiang Wang, Shourong Wang, Peng Li, Beihua Kong
Summary: Studies have shown that overexpression of SF3B4 in ovarian cancer patients is associated with poor prognosis, and miR-509-3p negatively regulates SF3B4 expression which in turn promotes ovarian cancer progression. Additionally, SF3B4's splicing of RAD52 also impacts the development of ovarian cancer.
CELL DEATH & DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marc Lavigne, Olivier Helynck, Pascal Rigolet, Rofia Boudria-Souilah, Mireille Nowakowski, Bruno Baron, Sebastien Brule, Sylviane Hoos, Bertrand Raynal, Lionel Guittat, Claire Beauvineau, Stephane Petres, Anton Granzhan, Jean Guillon, Genevieve Pratviel, Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou, Patrick England, Jean-Louis Mergny, Helene Munier-Lehmann
Summary: The study revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 protein contains a SUD domain that interacts with G4s, which can be disrupted by preventing G4 structures from forming or using specific ligands. This opens up possibilities for further research on the role of SUD/G4 interactions in SARS-CoV-2 replication and the development of inhibitors as potential antiviral compounds.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Biology
Juan Carlos Rengifo-Gonzalez, Krystel El Hage, Marie-Jeanne Clement, Emilie Steiner, Vandana Joshi, Pierrick Craveur, Dominique Durand, David Pastre, Ahmed Bouhss
Summary: The study reveals that the tandem RNA recognition motifs of TDP-43 cooperatively bind to long GU-repeats, maintaining its solubility. The cooperative binding of TDP-43 to mRNA is crucial for preserving its solubility in the nucleus and miscibility in cytoplasmic stress granules.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Laining Zhang, Qidong Si, Kejie Yang, Wenwei Zhang, Thomas W. Okita, Li Tian
Summary: Subcellular mRNA localization is an important mechanism that regulates gene expression and establishes functional networks. Although our understanding of mRNA localization in plant cells is limited, the targeting of mRNA to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been well studied in cereal grains.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Fangfang Li, Chen Zhao, Yuchao Diao, Zixiang Wang, Jiali Peng, Ning Yang, Chunping Qiu, Beihua Kong, Yingwei Li
Summary: The latest research suggests that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) may be new potential targets for cancer treatment. The study identified MEX3A as an important RBP associated with the clinical prognosis of ovarian cancer. Overexpression of MEX3A promoted proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, while knockdown suppressed their development and invasion. Additionally, the study revealed TIMELESS as a critical downstream target of MEX3A.
CELL DEATH & DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Li Tang, Chengming Guo, Xu Li, Bo Zhang, Liuye Huang
Summary: TAF15 is significantly upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines, and promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer via the RAF1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. This suggests that TAF15 may serve as a potential molecular diagnostic marker or therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Giraldina Trevejo-Nunez, Becky Lin, Li Fan, Felix E. Y. Aggor, Partha S. Biswas, Kong Chen, Sarah L. Gaffen
Summary: Excessive inflammation can cause tissue damage and autoimmunity. Reg1 deficiency exacerbates autoimmune diseases but confers resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) by affecting type I interferon regulation.
Article
Cell Biology
Hua Guan, Kun Tian, Wei Luo, Mingfei Li
Summary: Emerging evidence suggests the crucial role of N-6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) modification in human cancers. This study identified a novel m(6)A-modified circRNA, circMYO1C, from the MYO1C gene, which was upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). CircMYO1C was found to be highly expressed in PDAC tissues, and its silencing reduced tumor growth. Mechanistically, circMYO1C cyclization was mediated by the m(6)A methyltransferase METTL3. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) revealed significant m(6)A modification on PD-L1 mRNA, and circMYO1C targeted the m(6)A site of PD-L1 mRNA to enhance its stability through cooperation with IGF2BP2, accelerating PDAC immune escape.
CELL DEATH & DISEASE
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Dirk Roos, Martin de Boer
Summary: Genetic mutations causing hereditary diseases often disrupt mRNA composition and protein stability, affecting synthesis, processing, or translation. Mutations in gene DNA regions like enhancers or promoters can impact mRNA processes. Understanding mRNA synthesis, processing, and translation is crucial for diagnosing genetic diseases effectively.
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Pilar Somovilla, Carlos Garcia-Crespo, Brenda Martinez-Gonzalez, Maria Eugenia Soria, Ana Isabel de Avila, Isabel Gallego, Pablo Minguez, Antoni Duran-Pastor, Cristina Ferrer-Orta, Llanos Salar-Vidal, Mario Esteban-Munoz, Sonia Zuniga, Isabel Sola, Luis Enjuanes, Jaime Esteban, Ricardo Fernandez-Roblas, Ignacio Gadea, Jordi Gomez, Nuria Verdaguer, Esteban Domingo, Celia Perales
Summary: We report that ribavirin has an inhibitory and mutagenic activity on SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cells, with a therapeutic index higher than 10. Deep sequencing analysis shows an increase in mutations, but not deletions, and modification of diversity indices in the presence of ribavirin. The major mutation types enhanced by ribavirin are A -> G and U -> C transitions, opposite to the dominant G -> A and C -> U transitions observed in most RNA viruses. The implications of ribavirin's inhibitory activity and atypical mutational bias on SARS-CoV-2 for the search for synergistic anti-COVID-19 lethal mutagen combinations are discussed.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Jose M. Honrubia, Javier Gutierrez-Alvarez, Alejandro Sanz-Bravo, Ezequiel Gonzalez-Miranda, Diego Munoz-Santos, Carlos Castano-Rodriguez, Li Wang, Marta Villarejo-Torres, Jorge Ripoll-Gomez, Ana Esteban, Raul Fernandez-Delgado, Pedro Jose Sanchez-Cordon, Juan Carlos Oliveros, Stanley Perlman, Paul B. McCray Jr, Isabel Sola, Luis Enjuanes
Summary: Coronaviruses of high pathogenicity, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, encode proteins with PDZ-binding motifs (PBM core) that interact with cellular proteins containing PDZ domains. The E protein PBM core of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates gene expression related to ion transport and cell homeostasis. Increasing CFTR expression and activity reduces SARS-CoV-2 growth and protects against infection.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Juan Fernandez de la Mora, Luis J. J. Perez-Lorenzo, Fernando Almazan, Javier M. M. Rodriguez
Summary: The conical inner electrode of a recently developed DMA has been modified to increase its outlet slit radius from 1 cm to 1.6 cm and decrease its convergence angle from 3 degrees to 0.5 degrees. The classification voltage for fixed flow rate of sheath gas and particle diameter has decreased almost fourfold, extending the high-resolution size range beyond 120 nm. Tests with polystyrene latex spheres and rotavirus double-layered particles have confirmed the ability to cover a wide size range with resolution above 100.
AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Patrick C. Y. Woo, Raoul J. de Groot, Bart Haagmans, Susanna K. P. Lau, Benjamin W. Neuman, Stanley Perlman, Isabel Sola, Lia van der Hoek, Antonio C. P. Wong, Shiou- Hwei Yeh
Summary: The family Coronaviridae consists of viruses with positive-sense RNA genomes and a nested set of 3' co-terminal subgenomic mRNAs. Members of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae are characterized by enveloped virions with spike projections. Orthocoronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have caused major epidemics in the past, while SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic. This summary is based on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report, available at www.ictv.global/report/coronaviridae.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Mouraya Hussein, Zaria Andrade dos Ramos, Monique A. Vink, Pascal Kroon, Zhenghao Yu, Luis Enjuanes, Sonia Zuniga, Ben Berkhout, Elena Herrera-Carrillo
Summary: This study aimed to use an RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13d system to attack highly conserved sequences in the viral RNA genome, preparing for future zoonotic outbreaks of other coronaviruses. The results showed that these crRNAs could effectively inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and revealed a difference in vulnerability and biology between the +RNA and -RNA strands of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, providing important insights for the design of RNA-targeting antivirals.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sebenzile K. Myeni, Peter J. Bredenbeek, Robert C. M. Knaap, Tim J. Dalebout, Shessy Torres Morales, Igor A. Sidorov, Marissa E. Linger, Nadia Oreshkova, Sophie van Zanen-Gerhardt, Serge A. L. Zander, Luis Enjuanes, Isabel Sola, Eric J. Snijder, Marjolein Kikkert
Summary: This study demonstrates that the deubiquitinating enzyme inactivation in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) leads to attenuation in mice and provides protection against a lethal challenge. The DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA robustly replicates in the lungs but does not cause clinical symptoms. Intranasal vaccination with DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA induces strong neutralizing antibody responses and sterilizing immunity.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qixin Wang, Isaac Kirubakaran Sundar, Joseph H. Lucas, Jun-Gyu Park, Aitor Nogales, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Irfan Rahman
Summary: The molecular clock REV-ERB alpha plays a central role in regulating lung injuries and its decreased abundance exacerbates fibrotic progression. This study reveals that REV-ERB alpha interacts with the lysyl oxidase-collagen axis during fibrogenesis and demonstrates the therapeutic potential of Rev-erb alpha agonist against lung fibrosis.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Jesus Hurtado-Tamayo, Ricardo Requena-Platek, Luis Enjuanes, Melissa Bello-Perez, Isabel Sola
Summary: Coronaviruses have a large genome and include essential genes as well as variable accessory genes. The functions of accessory proteins in virus-host interactions and pathogenesis are important. Analysis of accessory proteins in the scientific literature generally involves deleting or mutating the genes, but the complexities of protein interactions during virus infection are often overlooked. A critical review of the literature helps to explain discrepancies in experimental results obtained through different approaches.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Laura Villamayor, Dario Lopez-Garcia, Vanessa Rivero, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Aitor Nogales, Marta L. DeDiego
Summary: The recognition of viral nucleic acids by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is critical for initiating innate immune responses against viral infections. Regulatory mechanisms are critical to avoid excessive or long-lasting innate immune responses that may cause detrimental hyperinflammation.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Maria M. Lorenzo, Alejandro Marin-Lopez, Kevin Chiem, Luis Jimenez-Cabello, Irfan Ullah, Sergio Utrilla-Trigo, Eva Calvo-Pinilla, Gema Lorenzo, Sandra Moreno, Chengjin Ye, Jun-Gyu Park, Alejandro Matia, Alejandro Brun, Juana M. Sanchez-Puig, Aitor Nogales, Walther Mothes, Pradeep D. Uchil, Priti Kumar, Javier Ortego, Erol Fikrig, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Rafael Blasco
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for fast responses and reliable technologies for vaccine development. This study reports on the construction and preclinical testing of a recombinant MVA vaccine, with the MVA-Spf vaccine candidate showing higher levels of antibodies, a stronger T cell response, and a higher degree of protection.
Article
Microbiology
Michael Piepenbrink, Fatai Oladunni, Aitor Nogales, Ahmed M. Khalil, Theresa Fitzgerald, Madhubanti Basu, Christopher Fucile, David J. Topham, Alexander F. Rosenberg, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, James J. Kobie
Summary: Influenza A virus (IAV) infections pose a significant threat to public health due to the variable nature of the virus. This study shows that immunization with a seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) can increase the levels of antibodies against H3N2 IAV, a strain known for its genetic drift. These antibodies have broad and potent antiviral activity and can protect against various H3N2 IAV strains. They also persist in the bone marrow, indicating their potential for long-term immunity. These findings contribute to the development of a universal influenza vaccine.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Kevin Chiem, Aitor Nogales, Maria Lorenzo, Desarey Morales Vasquez, Yan Xiang, Yogesh K. Gupta, Rafael Blasco, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Luis Martinez-Sobrido
Summary: Despite the eradication of smallpox, some orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox virus (MPXV), remain important human pathogens. Vaccines for smallpox are effective against MPXV, but limited in access. Current antiviral treatments for MPXV are limited to two FDA-approved drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover novel antivirals for the treatment of MPXV and other potentially zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. Here, we found 13 compounds that inhibit both VACV and MPXV, derived from two different libraries of compounds known to inhibit various RNA viruses.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Juan Fernandez de la Mora, Fernando Almazan, Javier M. Rodriguez
Summary: The gas-phase study of Rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs) using a high-resolution differential mobility analyzer (DMA) revealed up to seven slightly different conformations. These conformations were observed to quickly and reversibly interconvert and sometimes evolved into just two distinct structures. The smaller DLP diameter in the gas phase indicated clear differences between the structures in solution and in the gas phase. The presence of multiple gas-phase conformers is proposed to originate from pre-existing conformations in solution, potentially corresponding to incomplete DLPs.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Li Wang, Maria Guzman, Diego Munoz-Santos, Jose Manuel Honrubia, Jorge Ripoll-Gomez, Rafael Delgado, Isabel Sola, Luis Enjuanes, Sonia Zuniga
Summary: Engineering of reverse genetics systems for newly emerged viruses allows viral genome manipulation, which is essential for studying virus life cycle, virus-host interactions and pathogenesis. It also contributes to the development of effective antiviral strategies.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Letter
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Francisco J. Iborra, Cristina Marti, Virtu Calabuig-Navarro, Petros Papadopoulos, Salvador Meseguer, Pedro M. Iborra, Francisco Garcia, Antonio Martinez-Lorente, Fernando Almazan, Juana Calabuig
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Naiqing Xu, Xinen Tang, Xin Wang, Miao Cai, Xiaowen Liu, Xiaolong Lu, Shunlin Hu, Min Gu, Jiao Hu, Ruyi Gao, Kaituo Liu, Yu Chen, Xiufan Liu, Xiaoquan Wang
Summary: This study found that the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus has a high airborne transmissibility, while the H7N9 virus does not. The Hemagglutinin protein of the H9N2 virus was found to play a key role in replication, stability, and airborne transmission.
Article
Virology
Samar S. Ewies, Sabry M. Tamam, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim, Sherin R. Rouby
Summary: Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats worldwide. The study provided a clinical description of CE and screened for genetic variation in the B2L gene. Infected sheep exhibited anorexia and oral lesions, while inoculated chicken embryos showed pock lesions. The B2L gene was successfully amplified and found to be highly conserved.
Article
Virology
Yigal Farnoushi, Dan Heller, Avishai Lublin
Summary: In recent years, new variants of avian reovirus (ARV) have caused a variety of symptoms in chickens worldwide, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. This study analyzed emerging ARV variants in Israel and found significant genetic diversity. Most ARV isolates in Israel belonged to genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The study suggests that Israel has not experienced the emergence of new ARV variants since the introduction of the live vaccine (ISR-7585), but ongoing monitoring is needed due to the continuous emergence of ARV variants.
Article
Virology
Shigeru Tajima, Michiyo Kataoka, Yuki Takamatsu, Hideki Ebihara, Chang-Kweng Lim
Summary: Yokose virus (YOKV), a bat-associated flavivirus, was found to replicate at a slower rate in mosquito cells compared to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Specific nucleotide mutations in the virus were identified to enhance its proliferation ability in mosquito cells.
Article
Virology
Alejandra Borjabad, Baojun Dong, Wei Chao, David J. Volsky, Mary Jane Potash
Summary: This study investigated HIV brain disease using a mouse model, and found that poly I:C can reverse associated cognitive impairment and reduce virus burden. The results also revealed transcriptional changes related to neuronal function and innate immune responses.
Article
Virology
Ching-Hung Lin, Feng-Cheng Hsieh, Meilin Wang, Chieh Hsu, Hsuan-Wei Hsu, Chun-Chun Yang, Cheng-Yao Yang, Hung-Yi Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates that the synthesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA is not solely determined by the sequence homology between the leader TRS and TRS-B, but also by the disassociation of the coronavirus polymerase from the viral genome. This finding provides a new insight into the transcription mechanism of coronaviruses.
Article
Virology
Nicholas S. Kron, Benjamin W. Neuman, Sathish Kumar, Patricia L. Blackwelder, Dayana Vidal, Delphina Z. Walker-Phelan, Patrick D. I. Gibbs, Lynne A. Fieber, Michael C. Schmale
Summary: Two recent studies documented the genome of a novel virus in marine animals, finding that the virus is widespread in apparently healthy animals but not highly expressed in neurons. The studies also identified viral replication factories and high levels of defective genomes in chronically infected animals.
Article
Virology
Andrew M. Ramey, Laura C. Scott, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Evan J. Buck, Alison R. Williams, Mia Kim Torchetti, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. Poulson
Summary: We successfully detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in hunter-harvested wild waterfowl samples from western Alaska. Genomic analysis revealed three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our findings demonstrate the utility and potential limitations of using molecular processing approaches directly on original swab samples for viral research and monitoring.
Article
Virology
Ting Gong, Dongdong Wu, Yongzhi Feng, Xing Liu, Qi Gao, Xiaoyu Zheng, Zebu Song, Heng Wang, Guihong Zhang, Lang Gong
Summary: This study discovered that quercetin can inhibit PEDV replication both in vivo and in vitro, and alleviate the clinical symptoms and intestinal injury caused by the virus. This provides a new direction for the development of PED antiviral drugs.
Article
Virology
Min Zhu, Hao Zeng, Jianqiao He, Yaohui Zhu, Pingping Wang, Jianing Guo, Jinfan Guo, Huabo Zhou, Yifeng Qin, Kang Ouyang, Zuzhang Wei, Weijian Huang, Ying Chen
Summary: The reassortment between avian H9N2 and Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 viruses may have potentially changed from avian-to-mammals adaptation. This study found that the introduction of EA H1N1 internal genes into H9N2 virus restored the replication capability and resulted in extreme virulence in some cases. This raises new concerns for public health due to the possible coexistence of H9N2 and EA H1N1 viruses in dogs.