Journal
CLINICS IN PODIATRIC MEDICINE AND SURGERY
Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 45-+Publisher
W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2014.09.003
Keywords
Bone stimulator; Pulsed electromagnetic fields; Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound scan; Nonunion; Delayed union; Osteochondral defects
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Bone stimulators encompass several technologies that promote bone healing via manipulation of energy fields. Primary indications for the use of bone stimulation devices are the delayed union and nonunion. Electromagnetic fields and their uses in bone healing have been fairly well-studied, with most results showing improvement in healing of both bone and cartilage, although most supportive data are found in relation to the spine, femur, and tibia. There is increasing evidence for its use in the foot and ankle, for both treatments of nonunions and as an adjunctive device in arthrodeses, particularly in high-risk populations.
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